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Chris Greacen Chiang Mai, Thailand 24 January 2013

Grid-connected renewable energy in Thailand under the VSPP and SPP programs MEENet workshop, session 2. Palang Thai. Chris Greacen Chiang Mai, Thailand 24 January 2013. Access to grid Feed-in tariffs Low cost financing Tax incentives. Thailand’s SPP+VSPP. Access to grid. $.

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Chris Greacen Chiang Mai, Thailand 24 January 2013

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  1. Grid-connected renewable energy in Thailand under the VSPP and SPP programs MEENet workshop, session 2 Palang Thai Chris Greacen Chiang Mai, Thailand 24 January 2013

  2. Access to grid • Feed-in tariffs • Low cost financing • Tax incentives Thailand’s SPP+VSPP

  3. Access to grid $

  4. Technical regulations: Allowable voltage, frequency, THD variations Protective relays Communication channels Commercial regulations: Definitions of renewable energy, and efficient cogeneration Cost allocation Standardized tariff determination Invoicing and payment arrangements Arbitration • Access to grid $ + Standardized Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

  5. Access to grid Small Power Producer (SPP) regulations: • Started 1992 • Fossil-fuel cogeneration and renewable energy up to 90 MW (export to grid) • Low tariff offered for “non-firm” generators made it difficult for most renewables.

  6. Bangkok Cogen, Rayong, 115 MW LaemChabang, Chonburi 100 MW 4494 MW online + 4152 MW with signed PPAs... 75% fossil fuel PluakDaeng, Rayong 70 MW Map Ta Phut Olefins, Rayong, 70 MW

  7. Lopburi solar PV – 73 MW (over 1,000 rai = 160 hectares) • Signed PPAs for 767 MW of PV (SPP + VSPP)

  8. Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations • Access to grid • Feed-in tariffs • 2002 • VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet • Up to 1 MW export, renewables only • Tariffs set at utility’s avoided cost • 2006 • Up to 10 MW export, renewables + cogeneration • Feed-in tariff “adder” • 2009 • Tariff adder increase, more for projects that offset diesel http://www.eppo.go.th/power/vspp-eng/ for English version of regulations, and model PPA

  9. Feed-in tariffs EPPO 12

  10. Wealthy countries pay Feed-in tariff incremental costs?

  11. Revolving Fund • Thai Government loans funds at 0% interest to commercial banks for investment in: • Energy efficiency improvement projects • Renewable energy development and utilization projects • Low cost financing 11 local financial institutions have participated. • Max loan amount: 50 MB • Max. interest rate: 4% • Max. loan period: 7 years January 2003 – present 7000 M Baht

  12. Investor Investor Investor Investor ESCO Fund A source of venture capital for ESCOs to jointly invest with private operators in energy efficiency & renewable energy projects. The program targets SMEs & small projects. • Low cost financing Energy Conservation Promotion Fund ESCO Fund Investment Committee Fund Manager ESCO Venture Capital Equity Investment Equipment Leasing Carbon Market Technical Assistance Credit Guarantee Facility 15

  13. Tax Incentives • Tax incentives 16

  14. Biogas from Pig Farms Reduces air and water pollution Produces fertilizer Produces electricity 8 x 70 kW generator Ratchaburi

  15. Biogas from Pig Farms

  16. Uses waste water from cassava to make methane Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity 3 x 1 MW gas generators Korat Waste to Energy – biogas… an early Thai VSPP project

  17. VSPP project pipeline as recorded in EPPO data Application under consideration Permission received, awaiting PPA PPA signed Generating & selling electricity Leakage (Project abandoned)

  18. Feb 2007 18 MW online Thailand VSPP Status

  19. June 2008 Thailand VSPP Status

  20. June 2009 Thailand VSPP Status

  21. Mar 2010 Thailand VSPP Status

  22. Sep 2011 Thailand VSPP Status

  23. Mar 2012 1222 MW online (68-fold increase since 2007) PPAs signed for additional 3820 MW Thailand VSPP Status

  24. MW Solar in VSPP program installed in Thailand

  25. SPPs and VSPPs still a tiny part of Thailand’s electrical energy Generation (% installed capacity)‏ EGAT (47%)‏ IPPs (38%)‏ Import (35%)‏ VSPPs (3%)‏ SPPs (7%)‏ EGAT (100%) Transmission PEA (66%)‏ MEA (32%)‏ Direct Customers (2%)‏ Distribution Users Users

  26. Problems • “Managing committee” set up after solar “gold rush” to be additional gate keeper. Non-transparent, not clear why some projects proceed and others are denied. • Biomass: many projects unprofitable because high cost of biomass. • Communities protesting some biomass power plants. • Now no EIS required if <10 MW  Many 9.9 MW plants. • EIS should be required for smaller plants too if pollution is a concern. • Mainly huge projects (e.g. solar farms, not rooftop PV), which may have more concentrated impacts. Redesign feed-in tariff to incentivize small projects.

  27. Evolution of Tanzania SPP regulations • Approved by regulator August 2009 • Up to 10 MW export, renewables & cogeneration • SPP Tariffs at average of LRMC and SRMC • Grid-connected SPP tariff (2012): $0.096/kWh • In rural mini-grid areas offsetting diesel (2012): $0.243/kWh • 4 SPPs in operation, 12+ in pipeline by December 2012 www.ewura.go.tz/sppselectricity.htmlfor English versions of regulations, and model PPAs

  28. TPC, Moshi17.5 MW – selling 4 MW to main gridCogenerationSugarcane bagasse

  29. Mwenga 4 MW hydroelectricity to 1000 households in 15 villages & sells to the grid

  30. Summary • Access to grid • Feed-in tariffs • Low cost financing • Tax incentives

  31. Thank you For more information, please contact chris@palangthai.org This presentation available at: www.palangthai.org/docs

  32. COMMON GROUND: “Zero Net Energy” Community LOPEZ COMMUNITY LAND TRUST Lopez Island, WA

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