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Ecology and the Biosphere

This article explores the key components of ecology, including abiotic and biotic factors, populations, communities, and ecosystems. It details how species distribution is influenced by dispersal, predation, competition, and environmental constraints. The article also examines various biomes, from aquatic environments to terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting their characteristics such as temperature, water availability, and nutrient content. It delves into the interactions within these systems and the importance of factors like climate, and disturbances on ecological balance.

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Ecology and the Biosphere

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  1. Ecology and the Biosphere

  2. Components of Ecology • Abiotic- nonliving chemical & physical factors • Biotic- living factors • Population- group of individuals of the same species in a particular geographical area • Community- assemblage of populations of different species • Ecosystem- all abiotic factors and the community of species in an area

  3. Species Distribution • Dispersal- movement from areas of high density • Geographic distribution may be limited by other organisms or physical barriers

  4. Biotic Factors • Predation • Presence/absence of food • Parasites • Disease • Competition for food, space, or other resources

  5. Abiotic Factors • Biosphere- the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems • Biome- areas of predominant flora and fauna • Temperature • Water • Sunlight • Wind • Rocks & Soil • Periodic disturbances Ecotone: biome grading areas

  6. Global climate •Precipitation & Winds • Seasons

  7. Aquatic Biomes Vertical stratification: • Photic zone- photosynthetic light • Aphotic zone- little light • Thermocline- narrow stratum of rapid temperature change • Benthic zone- bottom substrate • Benthos- community of organisms • Detritus- dead organic matter; food for benthic organisms

  8. Lake Stratification & Turnover • Thermal stratification- vertical temperature layering • Biannual mixing- spring and summer • Turnover- changing water temperature profiles; brings oxygenated water from the surface to the bottom and nutrient rich water form the bottom to the surface

  9. Littoral zone- shallow, well-lit waters close to shore Limnetic zone- well-lit, open water farther from shore Profundal zone- deep, aphotic waters Lake classification: Oligotrophic- deep, nutrient poor Eutrophic- shallow, high nutrient content Mesotrophic- moderate productivity Wetland- area covered with water Estuary- area where freshwater merges with ocean Freshwater biomes

  10. Marine biomes • Intertidal zone- area where land meets water • Neritic zone- shallow regions over continental shelves • Oceanic zone- very deep water past the continental shelves • Pelagic zone- open water of any depth • Benthic zone- seafloor bottom • Abyssal zone- benthic region in deep oceans

  11. Terrestrial Biomes • Tropical forests • equator; most complex; constant temperature and rainfall; canopy • Savanna • tropical grassland with scattered trees; occasional fire and drought; large herbivores • Desert • sparse rainfall (<30cm/yr) • Chaparral • spiny evergreens at midlatitudes along coasts • Temperate grassland • all grasses; seasonal drought, occasional fires; large mammals • Temperate deciduous forest • midlatitude regions; broad-leaf deciduous trees • Coniferous forest • cone-bearing trees • Tundra • permafrost; very little precipitation

  12. Terrestrial Biomes

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