U.S. History Ch. 10

1. U.S. HistoryCh. 10 The Federalist Era

2. Shaping the New Government • The electoral college unanimously elected George Washington as the first President. • John Adams became the Vice President • Washington was reluctant to be the leader. • However, he proved to be a great leader and he established the model that the President still follows today. • U.S. faced many problems. It was weak, had a small army, no navy, & millions of dollars in debt Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

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4. Martha Washington Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

5. The Electoral College vote for George Washington (1789) George Washington, first elected in 1789, was elected unanimously by the Electoral College Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

6. Inauguration of George Washington Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

7. Branches of Government • Legislative Branch – first met in New York City in March 1789. • First action was the Bill of Rights. • Executive Branch – 1789 Congress created the Presidential Cabinet. • Sec. of State – Thomas Jefferson • Sec. of War – Henry Knox • Sec. of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton • Attorney General – Edmund Randolph Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

8. Thomas Jefferson • (Sec. of State) Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

9. Henry Knox • (Secretary of War) Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

10. Alexander Hamilton • (Sec. of the Treasury) Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

11. Edmund Randolph • Attorney General Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

12. Branches of Government • Judicial Branch – Constitution only created the Supreme Court. • Congress created other courts with the Judiciary Act of 1789. • Supreme Court would have 1 Chief Justice and 5 Associate Justices • John Jay was appointed as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

13. John Jay • (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court) Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

14. National Debt (Hamilton’s Plan) • In 1790’s U.S. had a huge national debt from the Revolution. • Sec. Alexander Hamilton’s plan: • pay off national and state debts with an excise tax (taxed goods made in the U.S.) and a tariff (taxed imported goods). • Create a national bank. • borrow funds on par (pay back borrowed money with interest.) Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

15. Hamilton's Financial Plan National Bank Tariff Funding at Par Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

16. Responses to Hamilton’s plan • Southerners (Madison & Jefferson) didn’t like it: • Made the states dependent on national government • Most southern states had already paid their debt. • Hamilton made a compromise with them: • If the south agreed to the plan, the new capital would be in the south on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia • It would be its own area known as the District of Columbia. • This way no one state claimed it inside its borders • Hamilton’s economic plan were approved by Congress in 1791. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

17. Location of Washington D.C. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

18. The Whiskey Rebellion • Excise tax on Whiskey led to a rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1794 b/c they felt this was an unfair tax. • Known as the Whiskey Rebellion. It tested the young U.S. Government. • Pres. Washington responded angrily and put down the rebellion with force by sending in the militia. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

19. The Whiskey Rebellion proved the strength of the Constitution Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

20. Challenges from other Nations • British • British still had troops in The Northwest Territory • American Indians attacked American settlers in the area. • American troops were sent in but were easily defeated. • In August 1794, another American army defeated the American Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. • Spanish • Spanish controlled Louisiana (land west of the MS River) and the port of New Orleans. • Many times they refused to cooperate with America over boundaries and use of the river. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

21. Battle of Fallen Timberstook place near a number of uprooted trees "fallen timbers" that had been leveled by a tornado. (1794) Toledo, Ohio Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

22. Challenges from other Nations • Pirates • Most pirates came from the Barbary Coast of North Africa • They attacked American ships b/c America had no navy • America had to pay a tribute, or protection money, to local rulers. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

23. Pirates attacking an American ship along the Barbary coast Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

24. French Revolution & Neutrality • French Revolution began in 1789. • Monarchy was overthrown • French Republic was established • European nations (Great Britain) went to war with the new French Govn’t b/c • they feared that the idea of Revolution would spread. • France asked for U.S. help b/c of the Treaty of Alliance of 1778. • Pres. Washington wanted the U.S. to stay neutral, b/c they weren’t strong enough for a war • April 1793, Pres. Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. • U.S. recognized the new French Govn’t, but would not help either side. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

25. The taking of the Bastille (the beginning of the French Revolution) Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

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27. Washington meeting with French ambassador Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

28. Challenges to Neutrality • British & French began seizing U.S. merchant ships. • The British also impressed (kidnapped) American sailors and put them in the British Navy. • John Jay was sent to London to make peace. • The Jay Treaty was signed in 1794 • Americans didn’t like the treaty b/c it didn’t say anything about the seizing of American ships • The treaty did show the Spanish that the U.S. & Great Britain would work together. • This led to Pinckney’s Treaty signed between U.S. & Spain. It said: • U.S. southern border would be 31 degrees. • Spain granted use by the U.S. of the port of New Orleans Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

29. Impressment of American Sailors Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

30. The Issue of Impressment Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

31. Washington’s Farewell • After two terms, Pres. Washington decided to step down as U.S. President • He created an Executive Branch that was much stronger than anyone ever dreamed • He set a precedent by stepping down after two terms. • In his farewell speech he warned against: • The creation of political parties • The division between the northern and southern states. (Sectionalism) • Do not get involved in European affairs • Do not make permanent alliances Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

32. Political Parties Form • Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists • Thomas Jefferson led the Democratic-Republicans • These were the first two political parties in the U.S. • A Political Party is a group of people with similar ideas and beliefs about government. • Constitution doesn’t mention political parties Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

33. Federalist A. Hamilton Hamilton Adams Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

34. Democratic-Republicans Jefferson Madison Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

35. Different Viewpoints • Federalist Views • Hamilton wanted a strong central govn’t • Represented mainly the wealthy • Wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution. • Democratic-Republican Views • Jefferson wanted a weak federal government • Favored the lower classes (small farmers) • Wanted to limit national govn’t and strengthen state govn’t. • Believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

36. Election of 1796 • Federalists nominated John Adams for President and Thomas Pinckney for Vice President. • Democratic-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President. • Candidates were chosen by their party at a Caucus, or private meeting. • When the Electoral Votes were counted, John Adams had 71 votes and Thomas Jefferson had 68. • Adams became President and Jefferson became Vice President • The two were from different political parties and did not agree on anything. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

37. John Adams Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

38. Adams’ Presidency • Adams had a tough presidency b/c of the division between the two parties • His largest problem was keeping neutrality with France. • French ships continually attacked American ships • the French tried to influence the American Presidential election in 1796 to give it to Jefferson . • Adams wanted to avoid war and sent three men to negotiate peace • French Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, sent three delegates to meet them. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

39. XYZ Affair • The French delegates offered a peace treaty only if: • the U.S. paid Talleyrand a bribe of $250,000 and a loan of $10 million • This became known as the XYZ Affair • the French delegates were known as X, Y, & Z. • The U.S. waged an undeclared naval war with France. • Adams debated asking for a declaration of war to defend U.S. honor. He decided to wait • New French leader Napoleon Bonaparte was at war with Great Britain and wanted the U.S. as an ally • At the Convention of 1800, France and the U.S. agreed to peace Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

40. XYZ Affair Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

41. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

42. Alien & Sedition Acts • When Adams made peace w/ France, many Federalists were angry. • They wanted war and Adams lost the support of his party. • In 1798 Federalists passed four laws to stop the growth of the Democratic-Republicans • Naturalization Act – increased time to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years (new citizens were Democratic-Republicans) • Alien Act –President could imprison or deport dangerous foreigners (silenced French refugees) • Alien Enemies Act –deport aliens from nations at war with U.S. • Sedition Act – made it a crime to criticize the U.S. government Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

43. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Madison & Jefferson saw the Alien & Sedition Acts as a direct attack on the Bill of Rights • They wrote two statements that were approved by Kentucky and Virginia. • These Resolutions said that each state could choose if laws were unconstitutional and choose to obey them or not. • This was called states’ rights (or compact throry of government) • Federalists believed that the Supreme Court decided whether a law was constitutional or not Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

44. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798) This Assembly declares, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact, to which the states are parties; as limited by the plain sense and intention of the compact; as no further valid…they are authorized by (only) the agreements enumerated in that compact… Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

45. Compact Theory of GovernmentWater cannot rise above its source Kentucky Virginia Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

46. Federalists Lose Power • The Alien & Sedition Acts made the Federalists look tyrannical to the people • Hamilton and others wouldn’t support Adams for reelection in 1800 • Thomas Jefferson ran for Pres. for the Democratic-Republicans. Aaron Burr ran for Vice President. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

47. Fighting in Congress over the Alien and Sedition Act Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

48. Election of 1800 • Federalists John Adams & Charles Pinckney received 65 & 64 votes • Jefferson and Burr received 73 votes each • Burr wouldn’t back down. • Vote went to the House of Reps. • Hamilton was Speaker of the House and he hated Burr. • Jefferson became Pres. & Burr Vice Pres. • The tie led to the 12th amendment: • electors specify on the ballot who they voted for Pres. & Vice Pres. Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)

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50. Aaron Burr Chp 10 (The Federalist Era)