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Confucius, born in 551 B.C. and deceased in 479 B.C., was a philosopher whose teachings became the foundation of Confucianism. Focused on restoring social stability and establishing a unified order, Confucianism emphasizes ethical principles through rituals (Li) and human relationships (Ren). It outlines five key relationships: father-child, ruler-subject, husband-wife, elder brother-younger brother, and friend-friend, each with defined duties. Despite persecution during the Qin Dynasty, Confucian values were later upheld by subsequent rulers and integrated into the civil examination system, shaping modern China's social landscape.
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Confucius • Born in 551 B.C. • died in 479 B.C.
Confucianism • Concerned primarily with restoring social stability and order • What is the basis of a stable, unified, and enduring social order? • a system of social and ethical philosophy
Li • Rites, ceremonies, proper behavior, and good manner • performed in good faith, with everyone keeping to his or her proper role • universal harmony • no need for physical sanctions, laws, or punishment
Ren • Relationship between "two persons” • each role of social relations had clearly defined duties
Five relationships • father-child • ruler-subject • husband-wife • elder brother-younger brother • friend-friend
Confucianism • Persecuted in Qin Dynasty • 221 B.C. - 206 B.C. • promoted by later rulers
Confucianism • reinforced by the civil examination system • “keju”: civil examination • from 605 to 1905
