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One Out of Five Teenagers is Overweight

One Out of Five Teenagers is Overweight. TEENS. ADULTS. 15%. 21%. 25%. 31%. '76 - '80. '88 - '91. '76 - '80. '88 - '91. 40% increase in proportion of overweight teens, over a 12-year period. Possible Causes: Too much junk food Too much TV watching Lack of Exercise.

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One Out of Five Teenagers is Overweight

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  1. One Out of Five Teenagers is Overweight TEENS ADULTS 15% 21% 25% 31% '76 - '80 '88 - '91 '76 - '80 '88 - '91 40% increase in proportion of overweight teens, over a 12-year period • Possible Causes: • Too much junk food • Too much TV watching • Lack of Exercise Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1994)

  2. FEATURES OF FORMAL OPERATIONAL THINKING • Attention to hypothetical ideas and possibilities • Scientific reasoning • Logical combination of ideas • Abstract thinking

  3. The Pendulum Problem A Piagetian test for formal operational thinking X 1 Y 2 Z 3 B C A • There are: • 3 weights (A, B, C) • 3 lengths of string (1, 2, 3) • 3 push positions (X, Y, Z) • Which makes the quickest arc? Source: Howard Gruber & J. Jacques Vonesce, The Essential Piaget. New York, Basic Books (1977).

  4. KOHLBERG'S STAGES OF MORAL JUDGMENT • PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting awards) • Stage 1: Heteronomous morality; ethics of punishment and obedience • Stage 2: Instrumental purpose; ethics of market exchange • CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (emphasis on social rules) • Stage 3: Interpersonal conformity; ethics of peer opinion • Stage 4: Social system orientation: conformity to social system; ethics of law and order • POSTCONVENTIOANL LEVEL (emphasis on moral principles) • Stage 5: Social contract orientation; ethics of social contract and individual rights • Stage 6:Ethics of self-chosen universal principles

  5. Longitudinal Development of Moral Reasoning stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage 5 70 60 50 Moral reasoning (percent) 40 30 20 10 0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Age (in Years)

  6. Gilligans's Stages of Moral Development Stage Features Stage 1 Survival orientation Stage 2 Conventional care Stage 3 Integrated care Egocentric concern for self, lack of awareness of others' needs; "right" action is what promotes emotional or physical survival Lack of distinction between what others want and what is right; "right" action is whatever pleases others best Coordination or integration of needs of self and of others; "right" action takes account of self as well as others

  7. Developmental Changes in Information Processing Control processes Environmental stimuli (input) Increased efficiency Long-term memory (LTM) Rehearsal Short-term memory (STM) Attention Greater specific expertise Greater knowledge about problem-solving Sensory register (SR) Organization Recognition Increased size Meaningfulness Response (output)

  8. Summary of Adolescent Cognitive Development • Piaget’s formal operational stage • Scientific and abstract thinking develop • Information processing skills continue to improve • Moral development matures

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