RESPIRASI

1. RESPIRASI KUNCORO PUGUH S

2. RESPIRASI • VENTILASI PARU : Proses keluar / masuknya udara dari atm ke alveolus • DIFUSI GAS : Difusi O2 &CO2 alv darah • TRANSPOR GAS : Transpor O2 & CO2 alv darah • PENGATURAN VENTILASI :

3. FUNGSI RESPIRASI • UTAMA : Membawa O2 sampai ke jaringan & mengambil CO2 dari jaringan • SEKUNDER : • Regulasi keasaman cairan ekstrasel • Pengendalian suhu • Eliminasi air • Fonasi

4. The Respiratory System • The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to exchange gases between the air and blood (external respiration) and between blood and tissue fluids (internal respiration). • Inspiration and expiration move air in and out of the lungs during breathing. • Cellular respiration is the final destination where ATP is produced in cells.

5. Respiration • Physiological process by which oxygen moves into an animal’s internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out • Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration • Carbon dioxide is produced by same

6. Pressure Gradients • Concentration gradients for gases • Gases diffuse down their pressure gradients • Gases enter and leave the body by diffusing down pressure gradients across respiratory membranes

7. Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure exerted by the weight of the air on objects on Earth’s surface • At sea level = 760 mm Hg • Oxygen is 21% of air; its partial pressure is about 160 mm Hg

8. Surface-to-Volume Ratio • As animal size increases, surface-to-volume ratio decreases • Small, flat animals can use the body surface as their respiratory surface • Larger animals have special structures to increase respiratory surface, such as gills or lungs

9. Ventilasi Paru Anatomi & Fisiologi • Hidung • Pharing • Laring • Trachea • Bronchus • Bronchiolus • Bronchiolus terminalis • Bronchiolus Respiratorius • Duktus alveolaris • Saccus alveolaris Keterangan : • Zona konduksi • Zona transisional & Respirasi

11. HIDUNG • Bulu rambut : Fungsi sbg filter ( 10 - 15µm) • Sinus : • Membentuk ruang berkelok-kelok & pembuluh darah >> • Fungsi untuk menjaga kelembaban dan suhu agar sesuai dengan tubuh

12. Sinusitis • Pada Kuda yang menderita penyakit gigi terutama pada rahang bagian atas • Pada Sapi yang mengalami dehorning (pemotongan tanduk)

13. Nostril = Cuping Hidung • Pada Kuda berfungsi untuk membedakan makanan • Digunakan sebagai indikator hewan bila mengalami penyakit yang kronis, nostril bersisik dan kering

14. Pharing • Pada Primata dan mamalia terdapat tiga saluran yaitu Saluran pernafasan, saluran makanan, saluran pendengaran

15. Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

16. Laring • Tempat pembentukan suara

17. Speech Production • Vocal cords stretch across laryngeal opening; opening between them is glottis • Position of cords is varied to create different sounds

18. Vocal Folds

19. TRACHEA - BRONCHUS • Tulang rawan berbentuk U dan Otot polos • Mucociliary escalator bergetar 1000-1500 X/min sbg filter < 10 µm • Bronchodilator : • Adrenalin ( reseptor 2 ) • P O2 • P CO2 • Bronchokonstriksi : • Acethilcholine • Histamine • P CO2

20. Trachea • Windpipe • Divides to form • Primary bronchi • Carina: Cough reflex Insert Fig 23.5 all but b

21. ALVEOLUS • Mempunyai makrophag • Mudah mengembang dan mengempis : • Jaringan elatik >> • Surfaktan : fungsi untuk menurunkan tegangan permukaan paru, diproduksi sel alveolar tipe II

23. Bronchioles and Alveoli

25. Cutaway View of Alveolus red blood cell air space inside alveolus (see next slide) pore for airflow between alveoli

26. Fish Gills • Most commonly internal • Water is drawn in through mouth and passed over gills water flows in through mouth FISH GILL water flows over gills, then out

27. Countercurrent Flow • Blood flow runs in the opposite direction of water flow over the filaments • This enhances movement of oxygen from water to blood respiratory surface direction of water flow direction of blood flow oxygenated blood back toward body oxygen-poor blood from deep in body

28. Vertebrate Lungs • Originated in some fishes as outpouching from gut wall • Allow gas exchange in oxygen-poor aquatic habitats and on land salamander reptile

29. Avian Respiration • Lungs are inelastic and connect to a series of air sacs • Air is drawn continually though each lung air sacs air sacs lungs air sacs

32. Sistem sirkulasi • Darah dari seluruh tubuh hewan akan melalui sistem sirkulasi kecil yaitu • Atrium kanan -> Ventrikel kanan -> a. pulmonalis -> kapiler pulmonalis -> v. pulmonalis -> atrium kiri -> ventrikel kiri -> seluruh tubuh

34. OTOT RESPIRASI • INSPIRASI ( HISAP ) • Diaphragma • M. Intercostalis eksterna • M. Sternocleidomastoideus • EKSPIRASI (HEMBUS ) • M. Intercostalis interna • Musculus abdominal

35. There Inspiration and Expiration • is a continuous column of air from the pharynx to the alveoli, and the lungs lie within the sealed-off thoracic cavity. • The thoracic cavity is bounded by the rib cage and diaphragm. • Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity and lungs and the intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, keeping the lobules of the lungs from collapsing.

36. Tracheobronchial Tree

37. Inspiration • When we inhale (inspiration) impulses from the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata cause the rib cage to rise and the diaphragm to lower, causing the thoracic cavity to expand. • The negative pressure or partial vacuum in the alveoli causes the air to come in. • Changing amounts of blood of CO2 and H+ increase breathing rate.

38. Inhalation • Diaphragm flattens • External intercostal muscles contract • Volume of thoracic cavity increases • Lungs expand • Air flows down pressure gradient into lungs

39. Expiration • When we exhale (expiration), lack of impulses from the respiratory center allow the rib cage to lower and diaphragm to resume dome shape. • Expiration is passive, while inspiration is active. • The elastic recoil of the lungs causes expiration. • A deep breath causes alveoli to stretch; stretch receptors then inhibit the respiratory center.

40. Normal (Passive) Exhalation • Muscles of inhalation relax • Thoracic cavity recoils • Lung volume decreases • Air flows down pressure gradient and out of lungs

41. Active Exhalation • Muscles in the abdomen and the internal intercostal muscles contract • Contraction decreases thoracic cavity volume more than passive exhalation • A greater volume of air must flow out to equalize intrapulmonary pressure with atmospheric pressure

44. Alveolar Pressure Changes

45. VOLUME & KAPASITAS PARU • VOLUME PARU Jumlah udara yang menempati petak-petak saluran pernafasan Contoh : • Tidal Volume • Inspiratory Reserve Volume • Expiratory Reserve Volume • Residual Volume

46. Kapasitas paru Penjumlahan dua atau lebih dari volume paru Contoh : • Inspiratory Capacity • Vital Capacity • Functional Residual Capacity • Total Lung Capacity • Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur SPIROMETER

48. Average Tidal Volume For Several Domestic Animal Species

49. Respiratory frequency for several animal species under different conditions

50. COMPLINCE ( DAYA KEMBANG) PADA SISTEM PERNAFASAN TERDPAT TIGA MACAM COMPLIANCE : 1.  COMPLIANCE PARU SAJA, YANG MERUPAKAN COMPLIANCE PARU BILA PARU DILEPAS DARI TORAKBESARNYA = 0,22 LITER / CM AIR 2.  COMPLIANCE TORAK SAJA, YANG MERUPAKAN COMPLIANCE TORAK SAJA TANPA PARU 3.  COMPLIANCE PARU-TORAK YANG MERUPAKAN COMPLIANCE SISTEM PERNAFASAN BESARNYA = 0,13 LITER /CM AIR