Chapter 13 Homo sapiens sapiens

1. Chapter 13 Homo sapiens sapiens • The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens • The Earliest Homo sapiens Discoveries • Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic • Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture

2. Theories of Human Origins • Complete Replacement Model • Regional Continuity Model • Partial Replacement Model

3. Complete Replacement Model • Modern populations arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years. • Migrated from Africa, replacing populations in Europe and Asia. • Using mitochondrial DNA, scientists concluded the world’s population descended from a single African lineage. Other scientists, using the same mtDNA material, have found that some of them have no African roots.

4. Partial Replacement Model • The dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens out of South Africa was gradual. • Moving into Eurasia, modern humans hybridized with local archaic populations and eventually replaced them.

5. Regional Continuity Model • Some local archaic populations in Europe, Asia and Africa continued their evolutionary development from archaic H. sapiens to anatomically modern humans. • Denies that the earlier modern H. sapiens populations originated exclusively in Africa and challenges the notion of complete replacement.

6. Earliest Discoveries • Africa • Anatomically modern forms 120,000 to 80,000 y.a. • Near East: Israel • At least 10 individuals were found in the Skhul Cave at Mt. Carmel, dated to about 115,000 y.a. • 20 individuals were found at Qafzeh Cave. Some exhibit Neandertal features, indicating that modern H. sapiens and Neandertals overlapped.

7. Earliest Discoveries • Central Europe • Fossils at many sites display Neandertal and modern features, supporting the regional continuity model. • In Mladec in the Czech Republic, moderns have been found that date to 33,000 y.a.

8. Earliest Discoveries • Western Europe • The best known fossil find is from the Cro-Magnon site, discovered in 1868 in a shelter in southern France. • A child’s skeleton from Portugal gives evidence of hybridization between Neandertal and anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

9. Earliest Discoveries • Asia • Dating to at least 50,000 y.a. Ordos is probably the oldest anatomically modern find in China. • Chinese paleoanthropologists see a continuous evolution in their geographic area from Homo erectus to archaic H. sapiens to anatomically modern humans.

10. Earliest Discoveries • Australia • By 50,000 y.a., Sahul, the area including New Guinea and Australia, was inhabited by modern humans. • The Kow Swamp people date to 14,000 and 9,000 y.a. and exhibit certain archaic traits such as a receding forehead.

11. Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic • Five cultural periods based on stone tool technologies: • Chatelperronian • Aurignacian • Gravettian • Solutrean • Magdalenian

12. Tool Making Upper Paleolithic was an age of technological innovation. • Solutrean tools exhibit skill and aesthetic appreciation. • The Magdalenian stage saw even more advances in technology.

13. Art • The time depth for prehistoric imagery encompasses the entire upper Paleolithic. • There is considerable variety in style, medium, content and meaning. • European prehistoric art reached it’s peak during the Magdalenian phase.

14. Cave Art • The majority of cave art comes from southwestern France and northern Spain. • Grotte Chauvet • The cave painting is dated during the Aurignacian period more than 30,000 y.a. • Images include stylized dots, human handprints and animal representations. • Footprints on the cave floor were produced by bears as well as humans.

15. Africa • Rock art is found in southern Africa dating to between 28,000 and 19,000 y.a. • Personal adornment dates back to 38,000 y.a. in the form of beads fashioned from ostrich shells.