International Society 1900 - 1990

1. International Society1900 - 1990

2. Total War • Born out of WWI and WWII • Versailles and Appeasement • Give birth to Nazi Germany • Characteristics • Industrialized Weapons and Machinery • Global in Scale • Unconditional Surrender • Mobilization of whole society • Casualties beyond soldiers • Economic and Social Impacts • Today • Use of modern technologies • Non-state actors • Globalization

3. End of Empire • Imperialism fell in the 1900’s • Self Determination took its place • European Nations lost its control of world affairs • Decolonization • Britain • 49 countries born out of their empire • Withdrew peacefully • France • Opposite of Britain, usually forced out • Legacies • National • Communism

4. The Cold War • WWII • US and USSR Superpowers • US: capitalism and democracy • USSR: communism and authoritarian dictatorship • 1945 – 53: Onset of the Cold War • Period when Cold War began and world began to divide into Eastern (USSR) and Western (USSR) camps • Yalta and Potsdam Failed • Europe divided into • East = Pro-USSR • West = Pro-US • Truman Doctrine • US would support those nations combating the threat of communism • Containment • Preventing the spread of communism

5. Continue • Berlin 1948 • Located in Soviet territory • Stalin cut of roads and communication • Hoped to occupy all of Berlin • Berlin Airlift • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • April 1949 • Collective self-defense • United Western Europe and US • Warsaw Pact • 1955 • Counter to NATO • United Eastern Europe under Moscow Rule

6. Continue • Chinese Civil War • Communist victory under Mao Zedong • Ousted US Sported Nationalist • Adopted Moscow Style Dictatorship • North Korea • Communism Spreading to peninsula • War of Containment = Korean War • US Supported South Korea and capitalism • USSR Supported North Korea and communism • Israel • Created by Force • International Community wanted to counter the Holocaust • US Supported Israel • USSR Supported Arab Nationalism

7. Continue • 1953-69: Conflict, Confrontation, and Compromise • Intense time of east/west confect where to possibility of nuclear war was heightened • US viewed all communism controlled by Moscow, Europe did not • Europe depended on US for security • By 1960 7,000 US nuclear weapons in Western Europe • Nikita Khrushchev • Communist Reformist Force in Eastern Europe • Bloodshed in resisting eastern countries • Constant Confrontation with Western Ideas • Brought fear to the west

8. Continue • CIA vs. KGB • Birth of large intelligence gathering agencies • Both use to promote Ideology in developing or unstable countries • Berlin Airlift 1961 • Same situation in 1948 • Kennedy’s “I’m am a Berliner” Speech • Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR developing Nuclear Missiles in Cuba • Kennedy Responded with Navel blockade of Cuba to prevent USSR ships from delivering payload • Moment in history when world was closest to Nuclear war

9. Continue • Cuban Missile Crisis • US possessed superior nuclear arsenal • Khrushchev backed down six days into blockade • US agreed not to invade communist Cuba • Kennedy agreed to remove NATO Nuclear weapons from Europe • Partial Test Ban treaty • Banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere • Non-Proliferation Treaty • Committed to halting the arms race • USSR developed nuclear weapons in the 40’s • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg • Britain, France, China developed nuclear Weapons in 50’s-60’s • Israel, India, Pakistan and South Africa by the 90’s

10. Continue • 1969-79: rise and fall of détente • Détente – relaxation of tension between east and west and characterized by arms control • Both side saw the need for disarming and the consequences of a war • Both influenced wars in “Third World” • USSR – Afghanistan • US – Vietnam • Ended with the Election of Ronald Reagan • Rapprochement – reestablishment of more friendly relations between China and US • Nixon and Ping Pong • Relations between USSR and China deteriorated

11. Continue • 1979-86: The Second Cold War • Election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 • Fall of Iran and the Iranian Hostage crisis brought down Jimmy Carter’s presidency • Critics and Reagan that détente had allowed the USSR to gain on the arms race • Weapons in 1980 – 55,246 • USSR – 30,062 • US – 24, 327 • The Second Cold War • The Reagan administrations building of arms and re-intensify the Cold War • Europe – real fear of nuclear war • Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – AKA Star Wars

12. Continue • Conflicts • Grenada – 1983 • Libya – 1986 • Central America • Iran Contra Scandal • Mikhail Gorbachev – 1985 • His “New Thinking” changed USSR and allowed the transformation to western capitalism and democracy • Glasnost – Openness • Perestroika – Restructuring • Sinatra Doctrine – allowing eastern Europe to “do it their way”. • Countered Brezhnev Doctrine – control of the region • Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) • Fall the the Berlin Wall