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Outline. BackgroundObjectiveCurrent Knowledge
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1. Potential Risks Associated with Leaching of Organic Contaminants and Endocrine Disruptors from Plastic Piping Materials
2. Outline Background
Objective
Current Knowledge & Perceptions
Typical Plastic Plumbing in Schools
Safeguards Industry Standards
Conclusions
3. Background - Seattle Public Schools
4. Background - What were the Issues? Parents inquiries in late 2003
Unpleasant appearance of water in several older schools
Rusty water ? health concern
Pb exposure
Other WQ concerns
Seattle Schools previously addressed WQ issues in 1990
5. Background - Phase 1 Testing in 2004 Objective and Approach
Assess water quality in Seattle Public Schools
Sampled 3,000+ sources (primarily fountains)
Analyzed for Pb plus Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, turb, color, and colif bact
Results
19% first-draw 250-mL samples Pb >20 ?g/L (EPA guideline for schools)
Some fountains exhibited Pb >1000 ?g/L
Outcome Seattle School Board Policy
Pb must be ?10 ?g/L in first-draw 250-mL sample prior to service
Implement District-wide Mitigation Program
6. Background - Sources of Pb are Numerous Old galvanized piping inlaterals, risers and service lines
End-use connective piping
50:50 Sn:Pb solder
Brass valves & other components
Bubbler heads
Kitchen and classroom faucets
7. Background Upgrade Plumbing Old end-use connective piping
8. Background Parents Concern Metal parts release of Pb and other metals
9. Objective Assess potential risks associated with using plastics in place of metals in schools
Review available literature
Review industry standards
10. Current Knowledge Endocrine (Hormone) System
11. Current Knowledge Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)
12. Current Perception Why is the Public Increasingly Concerned? study examined nine pesticides used on cornfields in the midwestern United States.
Larvae were treated by immersion with 0.1 ppb each atrazine, S-metolachlor, alachlor, nicosulfuron, cyfluthrin, -cyhalothrin, tebupirimphos, metalaxyl, or propiconizole.
Seventy percent of the animals exposed to the nine-compound mixture were unable to sit upright.
T.B. Hayes et al. 2006. Env. Health Perspect, Vol. 114, S-1, Apr.
13. Current Perception Why is the Public Increasingly Concerned? Meds lurk in drinking water
AP probe found traces of meds in water supplies of 41 million Americans
Associated Press March 9, 2008
A vast array of pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones have been found in the drinking water supplies of at least 41 million Americans, an Associated Press investigation shows.
14. Current Perception Why is the Public Increasingly Concerned? Containers made with bisphenol A chemical linked to health risks
Associated Press April 18, 2008
Hard-plastic Nalgene water bottles made with bisphenol A will be pulled from stores over the next few months because of growing consumer concern over whether the chemical poses a health risk.
15. Typical Plastic Plumbing - Seattle Public Schools
16. Plastic Materials Polymeric Chains
17. Common Chemical Additives Manufacturing of Plastics
18. Leaching of Chemical Additives in Drinking Water
19. Safeguards Industry Standards
20. Safeguards Industry Standards
21. Safeguards Industry Standards
22. Expert Opinion
23. Additional Information Glen Boyd
HDR Engineering, Inc.
Bellevue, WA
425-450-6391
glen.boyd@hdrinc.com