1 / 52

Radiation Safety Capt. David Ayre CAP, SWR-TX-176

Radiation Safety Capt. David Ayre CAP, SWR-TX-176. RADIATION. The definition of radiation is the emission (sending out) of waves and/or particles thru space. TYPES OF RADIATION heat light radio waves x-rays nuclear. IONIZING OR NON - IONIZING non -ionizing non - ionizing

tanek
Télécharger la présentation

Radiation Safety Capt. David Ayre CAP, SWR-TX-176

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Radiation SafetyCapt. David Ayre CAP, SWR-TX-176

  2. RADIATION The definition of radiation is the emission (sending out) of waves and/or particles thru space.

  3. TYPES OF RADIATION heat light radio waves x-rays nuclear IONIZING OR NON - IONIZING non -ionizing non - ionizing non - ionizing ionizing ionizing TYPES OF RADIATION

  4. Nuclear Radiation One source of radiation is the nuclei of an unstable atom. These radioactive atoms become more stable when the nuclei ejects or emits subatomic particles and/or high-energy photons (gamma rays).

  5. This Is the Way the Atom Probably Looks Atomic Structure Electron Proton Nucleus Neutron

  6. Atomic Number Atomic number (Z number) is the number of PROTONS in the nucleus of an atom.

  7. Atomic Mass Atomic Mass (A number), is the number of PROTONSplus the number of NEUTRONS in the nucleus of an atom.

  8. Mass and Charges of Basic Atomic Particles

  9. 6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Protons 7 Neutrons ISOTOPE Atoms with the same atomic number, but different atomic mass. Carbon-14 (6P + 8N) Atomic Mass = 14 Carbon-12 (6P + 6N) Atomic Mass = 12 Carbon-13 (6P + 7N) Atomic Mass = 13

  10. IODINE ISOTOPE EXAMPLE

  11. Discovery of Radiation Henri Becquerel 1896 Ernest Rutherford Wilhelm Roentgen 1895 Marie Curie-To describe the behavior of uranium and thorium she invented the word “radioactivity” --based on the Latin word for ray.

  12. Photographic Plate RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT

  13. TYPES OF RADIATION

  14. Electromagnetic Spectrum

  15. INDUSTRIAL USES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Power Plants Medical Farming Ranching Textile Auto Soda Can

  16. Early Scientists Watch Dial Painters Nuclear Weapons Research Military Personnel Emergency/Medical Personnel CASES OF HIGH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO RADIATION

  17. COMMON PREFIXES Giga (G) = 1 billion Mega (M) = 1 million kilo (k) = 1 thousand milli (m) = 1 thousandth micro (u) = 1 millionth

  18. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Curie A UNIT used to measure the activity of a radioactive source and equals 37,000,000,000 disintegration's per second. The SI UNIT is the _____Becquerel____ which is one nuclear transformation or one disintegration per second.

  19. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Roentgen A measure of the ionization effect Gamma and X radiation have in AIR.

  20. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT REM A measure of the biological effect radiation has on man. REM stands for Roentgen Equivalent Man

  21. Original Material Material after one Half-Life Material after two Half-Lives Half-Life The time required for the amount of radioactive material to decrease by one half.

  22. HALF-LIVES OF VARIOUS ISOTOPES

  23. Detecting Radiation and thePHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS FILM BADGES Radiation will expose film just as light will. The greater the dose of radiation the darker the film will become.

  24. THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER TLD’s use three chips that when exposed to radiation store the energy. When the chip is heated it gives off light proportional to the radiation absorbed. LANDAUER John Doe JAN 01, 1997 Z1 N 030000 T29 07469 0561420 T

  25. JOHN DOE TRAINING luxel LANDAUER® OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE (OSL) DOSIMETER OSL’s use two thin Al2O3 strips which when exposed to radiation record Photons (X & d Rays) in the 5 keV / 40 MeV range & Beta Particles in the 150 keV / 10 MeV range. During analysis, the Al2O3 is stimulated with selected frequencies of laser light, which cause it to become luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received. A third component, for the measurement of Neutrons, is also enclosed. This is a Neutrak 144 Allyl Diglycol carbonate solid state track detector. In this case measurement is made by chemical etching followed by track counting. Energies measured are between 100 keV / 30 MeV. FRONT

  26. 01 - 01 - 99 0030000 T29 04839 Whole Body (chest) 0554677A2 3073719 OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE (OSL) DOSIMETER Dose Measurement Range Photon 1 mREM to 1000 REM Beta Particle 10 mREMto 1000 REM Neutron 20 mREM to 25 REM Accuracy Deep Dose = ±15%at the 95% confidence interval for photons above 20 keV Shallow Dose = ±15%at the 95% confidence interval for photons above 20 keV and beta particles above 200 keV BACK

  27. John Doe TRAINING luxel LANDAUER® OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE (OSL) DOSIMETER The OSL is the principle device used to measure radiation exposure personnel. The OSL will only measure what your body will receive and does not “protect” from radiation. A OSL will simply measure what you have been exposed to and will allow us to determine if you have received to much radiation.

  28. RADIATION MONITORING Radiation Quality is an indication of the type of radiation received Radiation QualityType of Radiation Received P Gamma Only CPN Combination Gamma and Neutron NF Fast Neutron M Minimal (Less than 1.0 mR)

  29. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURES 5 REM per Year Lifetime Dose – ( Age - 18 ) * 5 REM Recommended exposure while pregnant 500 mREM Average exposure for Wireline Logging & Perforating Personnel 150 - 250 mREM per Quarter

  30. Voltage Source - Incident Ionizing Radiation + Electrical Current Measuring Device Anode + Cathode - Inert Gas Detecting Radiation and theENCLOSED GAS VOLUME PROCESS Geiger-Mueller Counters An enclosed tube has an anode and a cathode and usually an inert gas inside the tube. The radiation enters the tube ionizing the gas thus creating a current flow.The amount of radiation is proportional to the current flow.

  31. Gamma Ray Preamp e- High Voltage e- e- P Dynodes e- e- e- Photo-Cathode e- Electrons P Photons Glass Vacuum Tube Optical Coupling Grease Photo-Multiplier Tube Scintillating Crystal Detecting Radiation and theSCINTILLATION CRYSTAL PROCESS

  32. A + + DIRECT - READING POCKET DOSIMETER A. Charging Rod B. Metal Support for Fibers B + + - - C C. Movable Fine Metal Coated Quartz Fiber - - D. Transparent Scale LENS D Milliroentgens 0 LENS 50 100 150 200 EYE PIECE Detecting Radiation and the Direct-Read Pocket Dosimeter

  33. VICTOREEN MODEL 493

  34. Ludlum Model 2

  35. EXPOSURE RATE What exposure rate is this meter reading? X 1 _______mREM/hour X 10 _______mREM/hour X 100_______mREM/hour What exposure rate is this meter reading? X 0.1 ______mREM/hour X 1.0 ______mREM/hour X 10 ______mREM/hour

  36. OCCUPATIONAL DOSE RATES _____ mREM/hour 100 mREM/year (General Public) 500 mREM/year (If Attended Awareness Training) 5 REM/year

  37. BACKGROUND RADIATION DOSE

  38. RADIATION DOSES FROM OTHER SOURCES SOURCEEXPOSURE • One Hour of Jet Flight at 37,000 Feet 2 mREM/hour • Chest X-Ray or Dental Exam 10 mREM/hour • Dose to Unborn Child Due to Background 200 mREM/hour • Pelvic Exam 600 mREM/hour • Lower GI Series 700 mREM/hour • Areas of High Background Up to 5000 mREM/year

  39. Biological Effects Due to ExposureCan Be Divided Into Two Groups EARLY EFFECTS LATE EFFECTS (ACUTE) (DELAYED) Blood Count Changes Genetic Damage Vomiting Increased Cancer Risk Nausea Shortened Life Span Death

  40. Some Acute Effects of High Exposure Over a Short Period Are DOSE (1 week) EFFECT (30 days) • 30-150 REM Detectable changes in blood counts • 150-250 REM Nausea and vomiting within 24 hours • 250-350 REM Death may occur • 350 REM 50% will Die within 30 days • 350-600 REM Death will probably occur • over 600 REM 100% will die within 30 days

  41. Estimated Loss of Life Expectancy From Health Risks HEALTH ESTIMATES OF DAYS OF RISK LIFE EXPECTANCY LOST, AVERAGE Smoking 20 2370 (6.5 years) Cigarettes/Day OVERWEIGHT 435 (1.2 years) (by 20 %)

  42. RISK CHART CONTINUED AUTO ACCIDENTS 200 DAYS ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 130 DAYS

  43. RISK CHART CONTINUED HOME ACCIDENTS 95 DAYS DROWNINGS’ 41 DAYS

  44. RISK CHART CONTINUED SAFEST JOBS (SUCH AS ………………..) 30 DAYS NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION (Calculated) 8 DAYS

  45. RISK CHART CONTINUED 1 REM Occupational Radiation Dose Calculated (Industry Average Is 0.34 REM/year) 1 DAY 1 REM/year for 30 Years, Calculated 30 DAYS 5 REM/year for 30 years, Calculated 150 DAYS

  46. Everyday Items Containing Radioactive Materials • Scale Found on Oil Field Pipe • Brazil Nuts • Smoke Detectors • Lantern Mantles • Some Ceramics • Salt Substitutes

  47. ALARA PRINCIPLE ALARA stands for AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE

  48. REDUCING YOUR EXPOSURE The three most important safety rules to remember while working with radiation are Time Distance Shielding

  49. The Effect of Time on Radiation Exposure EXPOSURE = DOSE RATE X TIME For Example: 495 mREM per hour 1 HOUR = 495 mREM 2 HOURS = 990 mREM 3 HOURS = 1485 mREM

  50. The Effect of Distance on Radiation Exposure The Equation for Calculating Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance: I 1 x ( D1 ) 2 = I 2 x ( D 2 ) 2 OR I 2 = I 1 x ( D 1 ) 2 ( D 2 ) 2

More Related