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Robotic Surgery

Robotic Surgery. Presented By: Sarah Beltrame Rebecca Cronin Brian Mulder Adam Statham Louis Vargas Steve Zimmerman. Meaning of Robot. The term robots was introduced and coined in a 1921 play  Rossoms Universal Robots by Karel Capek of Czech. 1,2]

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Robotic Surgery

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  1. Robotic Surgery Presented By: Sarah Beltrame Rebecca Cronin Brian Mulder Adam Statham Louis Vargas Steve Zimmerman

  2. Meaning of Robot • The term robots was introduced and coined in a 1921 play Rossoms Universal Robots by Karel Capek of Czech.1,2] • from the Czech ”robota” meaning forced labor,  • Meaning evolved into dumb machines that perform menial repetitive tasks to the highly intelligent robots of popular culture.  • Today robots are used to perform highly specific, highly precise, and dangerous tasks in industry and research previously not possible with a human work force. Robotics, however, has been slow to enter the field of medicine and surgery.

  3. History of... • The first documented use of a robot-assisted surgical procedure occurred in 1985. • PUMA 560 robotic surgical arm was used successfully in a delicate neurosurgical biopsy, a non-laparoscopic surgery.  • The robotic system allowed the potential for greater precision when used in minimally invasive surgeries, such as laparoscopies which typically utilize flexible fiber optic cameras.  • The 1985 procedure lead to the first laparoscopic procedure involving a robotic system, a cholecystectomy, in 1987.  • The following year the same PUMA system was used to perform a transurethral resection.  • In 1990 the AESOP system produced by Computer Motion became the first system approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its endoscopic surgical procedure.   

  4. Da Vinci Surgical System First robotic system approved by the FDA for general laparoscopic surgery. Predecessors relied upon numerous surgical assistants to. The da Vinci system’s 3D magnification screen allows the surgeon to view the operative area with the clarity of high resolution. (Now High-Definition) The 1cm diameter surgical arms represent a significant advancement With such miniaturized operating arms, the da Vinci system has been able to remove the need to use the sides of the incision walls for leverage. This advancement allows for less contact between exposed interior tissue and the surgical device, which greatly reduces the risk of infection. The “Endo-wrist” features of the operating arms precisely replicate the skilled movements of the surgeon at the controls and filter out any shaking, greatly improving accuracy in small operating spaces Da Vinci system has been approved by the FDA for use in: Urological surgeries General laparoscopic surgeries General non-cardiovascular thoracoscopic surgeries Thoracoscopically-assisted cardiotomy procedures (da Vinci) Recently…In 2000

  5. Da Vinci • http://www.viddler.com/intusurg/videos/120/ Play @ 3:12-4:01

  6. How it works • There are 3 different types of robotic surgery systems currently in use • The main difference between each system is how involved a human is in the process • Supervisory-Controlled Systems •  The surgeon inputs data into the robot and the robot does all of the following surgery • Tele-surgical Systems •  Cutting and sewing is performed by a surgeon at a console remote from the patient • The surgeon can be miles away at another site while performing this type of surgery • Shared Control Systems • Doctors perform the work with the assistance of the robots technology, simultaneously

  7. Cost of Technology • Some robotic surgery systems cost more than $1 million to purchase •  Possibly $100,000 a year to maintain • Includes maintenance and updates to keep the robots and equipment current and working properly • Major improvements cost much more • E.g. - a major system overhaul is implemented it could cost a lot to replace obsolete parts and software • While hospitals can save on costs by decreasing the length of a patient's stay due to a shorter recovery period, they might not save enough to justify the expense of the system. • Depends on the scale of the firm

  8. Benefits Doctors are able to perform more complex tasks (increases precision) Physically easier, less awkward positioning for the surgeon. Procedures reduce the risk of death, complications, and hospital stay. Enhanced 3-D High-definition visualization Key Benefits for the patient: reduced trauma to the body, less risk of infection, along with faster recoveries Disadvantages Cost - more expensive than traditional surgery. Removal of physical contact with surgery surface. The procedure can take nearly twice as long, depending on how well the surgeon knows the equipment. The size of the actual equipment can take up a lot of space inside the operating room All operating instruments are NOT compatible with the technology required for Robotic Surgery Robots Vs. Humans?

  9. Long term cost savings over human: • Current operating rooms require numerous surgeons, nurses, and even an anesthesiologist • With the automation the robotic surgery brings about, many of these people can be eliminated from the operating room • This plays a vital role in lowering the cost of healthcare • Will greatly increase precision and even reduce trauma throughout the surgery process allowing quicker recovery and patient care quality. • Robotic systems are able to filter out any shaky movements preventing errors and keeping good quality of service. Better for BUSINE$$

  10. How used in Society? •  According to the Florida Hospital Association (FHA), the average cost for one inpatient day in a Florida hospital is approximately $1,800.  Using FHA’s estimate, the robotics-assisted surgery program reduced costs by approximately $4,500 per hysterectomy patient and approximately $1,500 per prostatectomy patient. • The total estimated cost savings was $267,000 for just these two procedures alone. • The da Vinci Surgical System is used in procedures that treat a range of conditions: Bladder Cancer                         Obesity Colorectal Cancer                     Prostate Cancer Coronary Artery Disease          Throat Cancer Endometriosis                           Uterine Fibroids Gynecologic Cancer                  Uterine Prolapse Kidney Cancer                           Mitral Valve Prolapse . 

  11. Uses? Who Uses? Where? What purpose? • Can be used in numerous different hospitals for patients requiring any type of surgery • A surgeon works either side by side with a robot device, or the surgeon can control the robot to do everything on its own • Currently there are not many hospitals that implement the use of robotic surgery • A robotic surgery has numerous different purposes • It can replace the crowd in an operating room to just the robot and a surgeon • Another example is if there is a very experienced and specific type of surgeon in New York and his specific experience is needed in an operation in California, the surgeon can use a tele-surgical systems robot to perform the surgery by controlling a robot in California while being in New York • It can also increase the efficiency of surgery operations while also decreasing surgery error

  12. Future of...(20+ Years)  Socrates - allows surgeons at remote sites to connect to an operating room and share video and audio, to use a “telestrator” to highlight anatomy, and to control the AESOP endoscopic camera.  • expanding the use of preoperative (computed tomography or magnetic resonance) and intraoperative video image fusion to better guide the surgeon in dissection and identifying pathology • NANOROBOTS (less than 1000 nanometers) are in development in the medical field to be inserted into our bodies and perform surgeries on a molecular level within our bodies and repair us as a mechanic would a vehicle. (VIDEOS) reference to possibilities.

  13. Future of Robotics in Medicine • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7zw9fvfBZI&feature=related Play @ 0:08 – 0:29

  14. Works Cited "Benefits of Robotic Surgery." Robotic Urological Surgery. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.roboticsurgery.co.uk/benefits.htm>. B. J. Moran, et al. "Robotic Colorectal Surgery: Hype Or New Hope? A Systematic Review Of Robotics In Colorectal Surgery." Colorectal Disease 12.11 (2010): 1084-1093. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. Bonsor, Kevin, and Jonathan Strickland. "HowStuffWorks "How Robotic Surgery Will Work"" HowStuffWorks "Science" Discover. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/robotic-surgery.htm>. Central Florida Medicine. "Robotic Surgery Shows Positive Benefits For Patients, Reduced Costs | Space Coast Medicine and Central Florida Medicine." Space Coast Medicine and Healthy Living. 2 June 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.spacecoastmedicine.com/2011/06/robotic-surgery-shows-positive- benefits-for-patients-reduced-costs.html>. “da Vinci ... Changing The Experience of Surgery." Da Vinci Surgery - Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery with the Da Vinci Surgical System. Da Vinci Surgery. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.davincisurgery.com/>.

  15. Works Cited "Disadvantages to Robotic Surgery." Bimoned.brow.edu. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group% 2002%20Website/robodisadvan.htm>. Lanfranco, Anthony R., Andres E. Castellanos, Jaydev P. Desai, and William C. Meyers. "Robotic Surgery." Robotic Surgery A Current Perspective. Annals of Surgery, Jan. Medicine, 2011. Web. 21 Nov 2011. <http://www.roboticoncology.com/history/>. Roe, Lila. "What Are the Benefits of Robotic Surgery? | EHow.com." EHow | How to Videos, Articles & More - Discover the Expert in You. | EHow.com. Web. 21 Nov.2011.<http://www.ehow.com/facts_5953761_benefits-robotic- surgery_.html>. Samadi M.D., David B.. "DaVinci robotic surgery - first FDA approved system." Robotic Oncology - History of Robotic Surgery. Mount Sinai School of 2004. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356187/>.

  16. Question #1 PUMA 560 was the first robot to be used in surgery in which year? • 1955 • 1962 • 1985 • 1992

  17. Question #2 The ADVANTAGES to robotic surgery include all of the following EXCEPT: • Surgical instruments are minimally invasive. • Surgeons are able to talk to the robot. • Recovery time is significantly reduced. • The surgeon may more easily reach difficult areas of the body.

  18. Question #3 Nanorobots will be used in the following ways: A. Inserted into bodies to repair from the inside. B. To conduct surgical prep work. C. To carry alcohol through our bodies. D. Found in mouthwash to care for a mouth from within. F. A,B, and C G. A,B, and D

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