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Chapter 9 Wakefulness and Sleep

Chapter 9 Wakefulness and Sleep. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep. Animals generate endogenous 24 hour cycles of wakefulness and sleep. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep. Endogenous circadian rhythms. Fig. 9-2, p. 267. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep.

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Chapter 9 Wakefulness and Sleep

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  1. Chapter 9Wakefulness and Sleep

  2. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep • Animals generate endogenous 24 hour cycles of wakefulness and sleep.

  3. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep • Endogenous circadian rhythms

  4. Fig. 9-2, p. 267

  5. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep • Mechanisms of the circadian rhythms include the following: • The Suprachiasmatic nucleus. • Genes that produce certain proteins. • Melatonin levels.

  6. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep • Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

  7. Fig. 9-4, p. 269

  8. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep • Two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm. • Period - produce proteins called Per. • Timeless - produce proteins called Tim.

  9. Fig. 9-5, p. 270

  10. Rhythms of Waking and Sleep • The SCN regulates waking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in other areas of the brain.

  11. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Sleep is a specialized state that serves a variety of important functions including: • conservation of energy. • repair and restoration. • learning and memory consolidation.

  12. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • The electroencephalograph (EEG) allowed researchers to discover that there are various stages of sleep.

  13. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Alpha waves • Stage 1 sleep • Stage 2 sleep • Sleep spindles • K-complexes • Stage 3 and Stage 4 • Non-REM (NREM)

  14. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

  15. Fig. 9-9, p. 276

  16. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Various brain mechanisms are associated with wakefulness and arousal. • reticular formation • Pontomesencephalon • locus coeruleus • basal forebrain • Hypothalamus • Orexin

  17. Table 9-1, p. 280

  18. Fig. 9-11, p. 279

  19. Fig. 9-12, p. 280

  20. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • During REM sleep: • Activity increases in the pons (triggers the onset of REM sleep), limbic system, parietal cortex and temporal cortex. • Activity decreases in the primary visual cortex, the motor cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

  21. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Atonia

  22. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep apnea • Narcolepsy • Cataplexy • REM behavior disorder

  23. Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Parasomnias • Night terrors • Sleep talking • Sleepwalking • Sleep eating • Sleep driving

  24. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Conserve energy • Restorative processes

  25. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Enhancing learning and strengthening memory

  26. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Humans spend one-third of their life asleep. • One-fifth of sleep time is spent in REM.

  27. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • REM deprivation • REM Rebound • Research is inconclusive regarding the exact functions of REM.

  28. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Accuracy of dreams… • Two biological theories of dreaming include: • The activation-synthesis hypothesis. 2. The clinico-anatomical hypothesis.

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