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biologiuri omebi antikuri xanidan I msoflio omamde

biologiuri omebi antikuri xanidan I msoflio omamde. leqcia # 2. 1. mimoxilva. winaistoriuli biologiuri omebi slaidebi ( 1 - 8 ) biologiuri saomari saSualebebis Tavdapirveli gamoyeneba slaidebi (9 - 16 ) biologiuri saomari saSualebebis sawyisebi slaidebi (17 - 20 ).

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biologiuri omebi antikuri xanidan I msoflio omamde

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  1. biologiuri omebi antikuri xanidan I msoflio omamde leqcia # 2

  2. 1. mimoxilva • winaistoriuli biologiuri omebi • slaidebi ( 1 - 8 ) • biologiuri saomari saSualebebis Tavdapirveli gamoyeneba • slaidebi (9 - 16 ) • biologiuri saomari saSualebebis sawyisebi • slaidebi (17 - 20 )

  3. 2. istoriuli wyaroebi biologiuri saomari saSualebebis Sesaxeb • Thun l’Eveque –is alya (1340) • varaudoben, rom gamoyenebuli iqna damcavi saSualebebi mkbvdari cxenebis leSebis cixe – simagreSi Casayrelad, raTa eiZulebinaT cixe – simagris damcvelebi gamosuliyvnen • kafas alya (1346) and da ‘Savi Wiri’ • varaudoben, rom monRolebma moaxdines Savi Wiris msxverplTa katapultireba genuis gamagrebul qalaq kafaSi da maT, vinc gadarCa da gaiqca, Seitanes Savi Wiri evropaSi

  4. 3. istoriuli mtkicebulebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi (i) • mas unda hqondes politikuri da istoriuli azri • is gamyarebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi detalebiT, raTa Sefaseba SesaZlebeli iyos • damtkicebuli qmedeba teqnikurad SesaZlebeli unda iyos movlenis moxdenis drois samecniero codnis TvalsazrisiT

  5. 4. istoriuli mtkicebulebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi (ii) • SesaZlebeli unda iyos, rom angariSSi moxseniebuli afeTqeba iyos mocemuli qmedebis Sedegi • mtkicebulebis wyaro kargad unda iyos dokumentirebuli • unda arsebobdes mtkicebulebis gamamyarebeli sabuTebi

  6. 5. fort piti1763 (i) • pontiakis indielebis ajanyebaSi britanuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen tomebi niu iorkidan dawyebuli virjiniamde. indielebma SeteviT aires 8 forti da daxoces da tyved aiyvanes didi raodenobiT kolonistebi. • fort pitSi daiwyo yvavilis epidemia. samoqalaqo miliciis ufrosma uiliam trentma indielebTan Sexvedris Semdeg Tavis JurnalSi saintereso Canawerebi gaakeTa. Further Inf.

  7. 6. fort piti1763 (ii) • trentis Jurnali ambobs: • “…maTdami ganwyobis saCveneblad Cven maT miveciT yvavilis saavadmyofodan ori sabani da cxvirsaxoci. vimedovneb, rom amas CvenTvis sasurveli Sedegi eqneba…” • fortis ufrosis Jurnali ambobs, rom: • “raRaceebi, rac wamoviReT yvaviliani hospitalidan, wavuReT indielebs:…” • 2 sabani…………. 20/ £2..0..0 • 1 abreSumis cxvirsaxoci 10/& 1 tilos: 3/6 ….0..13..6”

  8. 7. yvavili, rogorcbiologiuriiaraRi(i) • epidemiam amerikel indielebs Soris gawyvita inficirebuli tomebis 50 %-ze meti • 1796 wels jeneris mier demonstrirebulma cdam, rom Zroxis yvaviliT infeqcia icavs adamianis yvavilis infeqciisagan, saTave daudo yvavilis winaaRmdeg farTo vaqcinacias • WHO -s globalurma kampaniam 1967-77 wlebSi moaxdina am daavadebis eradikacia da vaqcinacia amJamad Cveulebriv ar xdeba

  9. 8. yvavili, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi (ii) • infeqciuri doza dabalia, da yovel 10 – 20 wamSi Cndeba meore Taobis SemTxvevebi, da xSirad infeqciis erTi SemTxvevidan iwyeba. • gamonayaris gamovlenas win uswrebs 12 – 14 - dRiani sainkubacio periodi, plus kidev ramodenime dRe, vidre gamonayari gaxdeba iseTi, rom dadgindes, rom es aris yvavili • dRes mosaxloebas ar aqvs imuniteti yvavilis mimarT

  10. 9. koxis postulatebi • mikrobi unda arsebobdes daavadebis yvela SemTxvevaSi da is ar unda iyos janmrTel organizmSi • saeWvo mikrobi unda gamoiyos da gaizardos sufTa kulturaze • Semdeg daavadeba viTardeba mikrobis janmrTel organizmSi SeWris Sedegad • SemdgomSi daavadebulo maspinZlidan igive mikrobi xelaxla unda gamoiyos.

  11. 10. “baqteriologiis oqros xana” • zogierTi infeqciuri daavadebis mikrobuli warmoSobis dadgena “oqros xanaSi” moxerxda • jilexi, 1876 • qoTao, 1882 • brucelozi, 1887 • Savi Wiri, 1894 • botulizmis toqsini, 1896 • tularemia, 1912

  12. 11.biologiuri saomari saSualebebi I msoflio omis dros • germaniam gamarTa farTo diversiuli kampania, da gamoiyena iseTi agentebi, rogorebicaa qoTao da jilexi, raTa xeli SeeSala kavaleriisa da gamwevi saqonlis, magaliTad, cxenebis, gadacema mowineeRmdegeebis SeerTebuli ZalebisaTvis. kampanis SemdegSi mdgomareobda: • imarTeboda generaluri Stabis mier, romlisaTvis adreuli SeTanxmebebi vrceldeboda da krZalavda mxolod adamianebis winaaRmdeg biologiuri iaraRis gamoyenebas • aSS-Si biologiiuri diversia iyo ufro didi kampaniis nawili, romelic miznad isaxavda xeli SeeSala Zvirfasi saomari masalis dinebisaTvis • kampaniis centraluri figura iyo eqimi anton dilgeri, aSS-Si dabadebuli germaneli mSoblebisagan, romelsac Tavisi cxovrebis didi nawili germaniaSi hqpnda gatarebuli • kultivirebuli agentebi britanuli blokadis gamo aSS-Si Camosmul germanel mezRvaurebs SehyavdaT cxenebSi aRmosavleT sanapiros portebSi

  13. 12 biologiuri saomari saSualebebi I msoflio omis dros (ii) • germaniis diversiuli kampania rumineTSic Catarda. 1916 wels, rodesac rumineTi gaerTianebul mxareebs SeuerTda, aRmoCenil iqna rammodenime kultura • cxenebze Setevisa da gamwevi cxovelebis wyobidan gamoyvanis operaciebi norvegiaSic Catarda. jilexi kavilaruli sinjarebiT Cadebuli iyo Saqris natezebSi, da am natexebiT kvebavdnen cxovelebs. sasaciloa, rom Saqris amgvari sinjara amJamad iqna aRmoCenili policiis muzeumSi,da masSi Bacillus anthracisaeseboba dadginda Tanamedrove PCR meTodikiT. • iyo argentinidan wamosuli tvirTis sabotaJis mcdelobac. • naklebadaa cnobili, magram dasavleT frontze safrangeTmac Caatara cxovelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diversiuli kampania

  14. 13. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (i) • Bacillus anthracisaris anaerobuli, gram – dadebiTi sporis warmomqmneli umoZrao saxeoba, romelic biologiur saomar saSualebad Zalian kargad gamoiyeneba: • sasicocxlo cikli moicavs vegetatiur gamravlebas msxverplSi, umetesad mcoxnelebSi – manam, vidre warmoqmnili toqsinebi sikvdils ar gamoiwvevs. • Semdeg rodesac cxoveli kvdeba, baqteria warmoqmnis garemoSi Zalian mdgrad sporebs, romlebic icavs organizms manam, vidre is xelaxla SeiWreba axal msxverplSi • is faqti, rom sporebi garemoSi degradaciisadmi Zalian mdgradia da letaloba maRalia, niSnavs, rom jileci idealuri biologiuri saomari saSualebebis agentia.

  15. 14. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (ii) • 1979 wels sverdlovskSi, samxedro dawesebulebaSi jilexis sporebis SemTxveviT gamoSvebas mohyva jilexiT daavadebis 79 SemTxveva sikvdilis 68 SemTxveviT, ramac inhalaciuri jilexis saSiSroeba gamoaaSkarava • filtvebSi Sesuli sporebs ylapaven makrofagebi da mihyavT limfur jirkvlebamde. gaRvivebas daaxloebiT 60 dRe sWirdeba, magram rogorc ki gaRviveba daiwyeba, daavadebis gamomJRavneba Zalian swrafad xdeba

  16. 15. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (iii) • primatebze miRebuli Sedegebis SefasebiT miiRes, rom LD 50 (doza, romelic sakmarisia eqspoziciis qveS myofi adamianebis 50% -s mosaklavad) aris 2,500 da 55,000 aerozolizebul jolexis sporas Soris • virulenctobas esaWiroeba antifagocituri kafsulis da toqsinis sami komponentis (damcavi antigeni, letalobis faqtori and Sesiebis faqtori) arseboba

  17. 16. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (iv) • sporebi advilad izrdeba Cveulebriv sakveb areze 37 gradusze da Zalian damaxasiaTebeli Sesaxedaoba aqvs. Tumca identifikacia advili unda iyos, Zalian cota Tanamedrove mikrobiologs unaxavs jilexi. daavadebis adreuli niSnebi arasepcifiuria, rac diagnozis dasmas arTulebs • mas Semdeg, rac sporebi gaRvivdeba, infeqcia swrafad viTardeba, da inficirebulTa gadasarCenad saWiroa antibiotikebis efeqturi kursis Catareba • jilexis winaaRmdeg vaqcinacia SesaZlebelia, magram mTel mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi praqtikuli araa. • aerozolirebuli jilexiT Setevis SemTxvevaSi xSirad adgili aqvs dabneulobas, da saWiroa Catardes dekontaminacia

  18. 17. 1925 wlis Jenevis protokoli • I msoflio omis win daido rigi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa, romelTac nawilobrivi akrZalva daaweses momwamlav iaraRze • omis Semdeg erTa ligaSi iyo msjeloba Semdgom akrZalvebze • es akrZalvebi ZiriTadad qimiur iaraRze iyo koncentrirebuli, vinaidan omis dros qimiuri iaraRi xSirad iqna gamoyenebuli • 1925 wels poloneTis mier moyvanilma argumentebma daarwmuna, rom Jenevis protokoli biologiur iaraRsac unda Sexeboda

  19. 18. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis omis Semdgomi mzadeba safrangeTSi (i) • biologiur saomar saSualebebze wuxils mohyva 1922 wlis trilantis angariSi “omis dros biologiuri iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb”. igi: • “…ara marti detalurad xsnida franguli programis swrafi gafarToebis motivaciasa da mizezebs, aramed agreTve iZleoda samuSaos samecniero safuZvels.” • “…gvTavazobda, rom is [biologiuri iaraRi] iqneboda Sesabamisi, gansakuTrebiT mobilizaciis periodis ganmavlobaSi iseTi miznebis winaaRmdeg, rogorebicaa samoqalaqo mosaxleoba, urbanuli centrebi, jarebis Sekrebis adgilebi, barakebi, sadgurebi, fabrikebi an warmoebis adgilebi…”

  20. 19. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis omis Semdgomi mzadeba safrangeTSi (ii) • trilantis angariSi: • “…afasebda mikrobul daavadebebs, romelTac SeiZleboda saomar saqmeSi roli eTamaSaT da iZleoda imaT CamonaTvals, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo... yviTeli cxeleba, Savi Wiri... brucelozi... da Turquli...” • “Tavi, romelic eZRvneba eqsperimentul samuSaoebs, aRwers trilantis aRmoCenebs baqteriuli agentebis haeris gziT gadacemis Sesaxeb da maT gavrcelebaze sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavlenas...” • “…trilanti xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom laboratoriulma cdebma aCvena, rom SesaZlebeli iyo SeeqmnaT xelovnuri mikrobuli Rrublebi, romelTac bunebrivi Rrublis yvela fizikuri Tviseba eqnebodaT …”

  21. 20. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis omis Semdgomi mzadeba safrangeTSi (iii) • “1925 wlis Semodgomaze omis saministrom: • “…gadawyvita miemarTa kvleva “specialur SigTavsiani (mikrobebis kulturebiani) asafeTqebeli bombebis damzadebaze, romelTac TviTfrinavebiT gadazidavdnen”. mizani iyo SeeqmnaT iseTi mowyobiloba, romelic miwaze dacemisas warmoqmnida... mikrobebis Semcvel Rrubels... romelsac eqneboda... paTogenuri efeqti...” • “…srulmasStabiani cdebi Catarda 1926 wlis oqtomberSi... flotis goliaTis hidroplanidan Camovarda cxra bombi... am cdebis Sedegebi iyo ara marto “xelsayreli”, aramed maT daamtkices yvelaze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli monacemebi …”

  22. sanimuSo kiTxvebi 1. kritikulad gaaanalizeT Sexeduleba, rom infeqciuri daavadebebis “mikrobuli” mizezebis dadgenis “mecnierul gagebamde” istoriul CanawerebSi mravlad aris biologiuri saomari saSualebebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi. 2. ramdenad saSiSi iqneboda yvavili, Tuki mas dRes biologiuri saomar saSualebebad gamoiyeneben? 3. aRwereT ZiriTadi fazebi germanuli personalis sawinaaRmdego biologiuri diversiis kampaniis I msoflio omis dros an franguli SeteviTi biologiuri saomari saSualebebis programisa I da II msoflio omebs Soris periodSi. 4. ra aris 1925 wlis Jenevis protokoli? rogor faravs is biologiur iaraRs da ra statusi aqvs mas dRes?

  23. wyaroebi (Slide 1) • Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (Eds.), (1999) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Slide 2) • Horrox, R. (ed.), The Black Death (Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1994), pp. 14-26. p. 17. Cited at pp. 14 in Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Warfare before 1914’, In Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research,Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & BiologicalWarfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8-34.

  24. (Slide 3) • Barnes-Svarney, P. (1995) The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference, New York: Macmillan (Slide 5) • Volwiler, A. T. (ed.), ‘Willium Trent’s Journal at Fort Pitt, 1763’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 11 (1924), pp. 390-413. Cited at p. 22 in Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Warfare before 1914’, In Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8-34. (Slide 6) • Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Warfare before 1914’, In Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8-34.

  25. (Slide 7) • Henderson. D. A., Inglesby, T. V., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Jahrling, P. B., A. M., Hauer, J., Layton, M., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. (1999) ‘Smallpox as a Biological Weapon Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 281(22), pp. 2127-2137 (Slide 10) • Inf.1 Inglesby, T. V., Dennis, D. T., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., Koerner, J. F., Layton, M., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., Schoch-Spana, M., and Tonat, K. (2000) ‘Plague as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 283(17), pp. 2281-2290

  26. Inf.2 Arnon, S. S., Schecter, R., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., Swerdlow, D. L., and Tonat, K. (2001) ‘Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 285(8), pp. 1059-1070 • Inf.3 Dennis, D. T., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. ‘Tularemia as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 285(21), pp. 2763-2773

  27. (Slide 11) • NAS Record Group 76, Records of the Mixed Claims Commission, Entry 29 (Record Relating to the Sabotage Claims Filed with the Commission), Box 3, ‘Memorandum re Carl Dilger with specific respect to the records as it existed at the time of the decision of October 16 1930’, 12 Nov. 1935, p. 4. Cited at pp. 41-42 in Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Sabotage in World War I’, In Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35-62.

  28. (Slide 12) • Redmond, C., Pearce, M. J., Manchee, R. J., and Berdal, B. P., (1998) Deadly Relic of the Great War’, in Nature 393. pp. 747-748. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6687/full/393747a0.html (Slide 13) Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. (1999) ‘Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 281(18), pp. 1735-1745

  29. (Slide 14) • Meselson, M., Guillemin, J., Hugh-Jones, M., Langmuir, A., Popova, I., Shelokov, A and Yampolskaya, O. (1994) ‘The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979’, Science 266, pp. 1202-1208. Available from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/266/5188/1202 (Slide 15) • Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. (1999) ‘Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 281(18), pp. 1735-1745 (Slide 16) • Los Angels Times (2002) Contractors’ Cost Overruns from Anthrax Cleanup: $50 Million, 11 September. p. A-33 in printed edition [Online] Available from http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/01/nation/na-anthrax1

  30. (Slide 17) • Mierzejewski, J. W., and van Courtland Moon, J. E. (Eds (1999) ‘Poland and Biological Weapons’, in Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. E. (Eds,). (1999) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 63-69. (Slide 18) • Lepick, O. (1999) French activities related to biological warfare, 1919-45. In: Geissler, E. and van Courtland Moon, J. (eds.) Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Developmentand Use from the Middle Ages to 1945. SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies, no.18. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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