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Learning Theories. Norma Longoria. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Life. 1850 – Born: Barmen, Germany 1873 – Doctorate from University of Bonn at 23 1879 – Began memory studies 1885 – Forgetting & learning curve established 1894 – Study on decline of children’s mental ability during the school day
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Learning Theories Norma Longoria
Life • 1850 – Born: Barmen, Germany • 1873 – Doctorate from University of Bonn at 23 • 1879 – Began memory studies • 1885 – Forgetting & learning curve established • 1894 – Study on decline of children’s mental ability during the school day • 1908 – Left University of Halle • 1909 – Died: Breslau, Germany – pneumonia
Forgetting Curve : Testing • Studied his own memories • Learned “nonsense syllables” • Consonants-Vowel-Consonants: KOX, JAF, TIH • The grouping would have no prior meaning like TIN or FOX
Forgetting Curve : Results • Memory significantly drops off within the first 20 minutes • After one day, the “forgetting” levels off • Even though it may seem as we have forgotten something “forever” it is the retrieval that is the error • Memory stored as long term is more stable
Forgetting in Today’s Teachings • Ebbinghaus deduced how quickly our memory fades without reinforcement. • Repetition is the solution! • Flash cards and multiple days of enforcing new ideas are constantly used today. • Giving presentations over reviewed material reinforces material. • Testing someone over the same material is useful and impactful for trainings.
Life • 1874 – Born: Williamsburg, Massachusetts • 1898 – Ph.D. from Columbia University • 1932 – 2nd law was not entirely valid in all cases. • 1901– learning in one area does not facilitate learning in other areas • 1930s – Puzzle Box • 1949 – Died: Montrose, New York
Law of Effect • Behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were mostly likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus. • Modified in 1932 • rewards for appropriate behavior always substantially strengthened associations.
Law of Exercise • Other things being equal, the repeated occurrence of any act makes that behavior easier to perform and is less vulnerable or subject to error. • “Practice makes perfect” • Doesn’t not take in the importance of “incentive”
Puzzle Box • Animal locked in a wood slated box • Animal can see food through bars but could not get to it • Could only obtain it until some mechanism was manipulated. • Animal would have to push a lever to open the box.
Effectiveness in Adult Training • Cognitive • Adults have the ability to remember more than children. • Using repetition to drive home an idea will be more effective for an adult than a child • Behavioral • “Practice makes perfect” • Being rewarded for appropriate behavior always substantially strengthens associations
Sources • Cherry, K. (2014, January 1). Forgetting: When Memory Fails. Retrieved October 8, 2014, from http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/p/forgetting.htm • Pacchioli, D. (2005, February 14). Probing Question: Do children have better memories than adults do? Retrieved October 12, 2014, from http://news.psu.edu/story/141275/2005/02/14/research/probing-question-do-children-have-better-memories-adults-do
Continued… • Edward L. Thorndike. (2014). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved fromhttp://school.eb.com.catalog.stisd.net:3048/levels/high/article/72241#9072241.toc • Exercise, law of. (2006). In Jon E. Roeckelein (Ed.), Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories. Retrieved from https://catalog.stisd.net:2148/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.catalog.stisd.net%3A3048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Festpsyctheory%2Fexercise_law_of%2F0
Continued… • Thorndike puzzle box. (2009). In The Penguin dictionary of psychology. Retrieved from https://catalog.stisd.net:2148/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.catalog.stisd.net%3A3048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fpenguinpsyc%2Fthorndike_puzzle_box%2F0
