Organic Chemistry

1. Organic Chemistry Study of molecules with carbon-carbon bonds

2. Carbon-based Compounds • Carbon is the element present in all living things. • All compounds are classified as organic or inorganic. • Organic compounds-carbon containing • Inorganic compounds-do not contain carbon (several exceptions like CO2)

3. Carbon-based Compounds • Carbon atoms contain 4 electrons in their outermost energy level. • Most atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their outermost energy level. • To fill its outer energy level, carbon forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements.

4. Carbon Bonding • When carbon bonds to other carbons, it can form 3 main shapes: • Straight Chains • Branched Chains • Rings

5. Carbon Bonding • There are 3 types of bonds carbon can form: • Single bonds • Double bonds • Triple bonds

6. How Carbon-Carbon bonds are made • ATP- “energy currency” (stores energy for use in biological reactions) • ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group • Helps form organic compounds

7. Organic Compounds • Built mostly from C, H, & O. • There are 4 major macromolecules (organic compounds). • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Each class has different properties. • Properties depend on how much C, H, O there is and what “other elements” are present.

8. Monomers & Polymers • Monomers are the “building blocks” or “bricks” of larger organic compounds, called polymers. The largest polymers are called macromolecules.

9. To make different types of buildings, you have to use different bricks. To make different macromolecules you need to use different monomers (bricks). • Some bricks build carbohydrates other bricks build proteins.

10. Carbohydrates • C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O) • Monomer (brick) =Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Examples: • Glucose – cell energy, blood sugar • Fructose – fruit sugar, sweetness • Galactose – milk sugar • Disaccharides- two simple sugars bonded together • Examples: • Sucrose –table sugar • Maltose • Lactose – in milk

11. Carbohydrates • Many simple sugars=polysaccharides • Not sugars, but still carbs • Examples: • Starch- glucose storage in plants • Cellulose- plant fibers, give structure • Glycogen-glucose storage in animals • Job= Energy source • Also provides structure in plants

13. Lipids • Made up of C,H,& O, with greater numbers of H. • Monomers (bricks) = Fatty acids • Types of Lipids: • Steroids • Phospholipids • Wax • Fats and oils • Job= Energy STORAGE, insulation, build cell membranes

14. Types of Lipids • Steroids • Sex hormones • Estrogen & Testosterone • Cholesterol • Provides support for cell membrane • Too much can accumulate and cause heart disease • Phospholipids • Cell membranes • Waxes • Bee wax, plant cuticle (aloe) • Fats and oils • Solids or liquids

15. fats • “Good” fats • Unsaturated (bent chains) • Oils (liquid) • In cold blooded animals and plants • Fish, olives • Example foods • Salmon, walnuts, avocados in these foods

16. fats • “Bad” fats • Saturated (straight chains) • Solid • In warm blooded animals • Cows, pigs • Example foods • Butter, in cheeseburgers in these foods

17. types

18. Proteins • Mainly C,H,O,N, & S. • Monomers (bricks) = amino acids • Proteins are made of chains of amino acids that fold into sheets, tubes, blobs and other shapes. • Job depends on type • Many structural and regulatory functions

19. Proteins • Examples: • Enzymes – speed up reactions • Keratin – structure in hair, nails • Collagen – muscles and tendons, stretching • Insulin – breaks down sugar • Antibodies – defense in immune systems

20. Regulatory Examples Structural Examples

21. Nucleic Acids • Made up of C,H,O,N & P • Monomers (bricks) = nucleotides • Examples: • DNA or RNA • Job = stores and then transmits your genetic information • Provides the instructions to build proteins