aNaTOMY OF HUMAN BODY fidya,drg,M.Si

1. INTRODUCTION aNaTOMY OF HUMAN BODYfidya,drg,M.Si

2. anatomy a Greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect. Human anatomy the science concerned with the structure of the human body. aNATOMY

4. Survey of Some Important Contributions to the Science of Human Anatomy

5. Survey of Some Important Contributions to the Science of Human Anatomy

6. Survey of Some Important Contributions to the Science of Human Anatomy

8. Specialties of microscopic anatomy: • cytology /cellular biology • developmental anatomy / embriology • histology • Radiographic anatomy provides a way of observing structures within the living body. • Radiology substances of different densities absorb different amounts of X rays resulting in a differential exposure on film. Microscopic Anatomy & Radiographic Anatomy

9. Structural organization of human body

10. The cell the basic structural and functional component of life. • Cells atoms molecules • Certain molecules are grouped in specific ways to form small functional structures called organelles. • Examples: bone cells, muscle cells, fat cells, blood cells, liver cells, and nerve cells. CELLULAR LEVEL

11. Layers or groups of similar cells that perform a common function. • Four principal kinds of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. TISSUE LEVEL

12. An organ is an aggregate of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function. • Examples: the heart, spleen, pancreas, ovary, skin, and even any of the bones within the body. • Each organ has one or more primary tissues and several secondary tissues. • Examples: (In the stomach) • The inside epithelial lining (the primary tissue) secretion and absorption occur within this layer. • The connective, nervous, and muscle tissues (secondary tissue) Organ level

13. A body system consists of various organs that have similar or related functions. • Examples: the circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, and endocrine system. • Certain organs may serve two systems. • The pancreas functions with both the endocrine and digestive systems • The pharynx serves both the respiratory and digestive systems. • All the systems of the body are interrelated and function together, making up the organism. System level

15. AnaTOMY WORDS

16. Sagittal plane • Midsagittal (median) plane • Coronal plane /frontal planes • Transverse plane/ horizontal/ cross-sectional planes Planes of Reference

18. SAGITTAL ( MEDIAN ) PLANEextends lengthwise and divides the body into right and left portions.A midsagittal plane passes exactly through the midline of the body ( fig.d )Sagittal cuts that are not along the midline are called parasagittal sections

19. FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) PLANEExtends lengthwise, but it is perpendicular to a sagittal plane and divides the body or an organ into anterior an posterior portion

20. TRANVERSE ( HORIZONTAL ) PLANEPerpendicular to the body’s long axis and therefore divides the body horizontally to produce cross section.A tranverse cut divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

22. Anatomical Position • The body is erect. • The feet are parallel to each other. • The feet flat on the floor. • The eyes are directed forward. • The arms are at the sides of the body. • The palms of the hands turned forward. • The fingers pointed straight down. PLANES OF REFERENCE AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY

23. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION • Standing erect • Face forward • Arms at the sides • Palms and toes directed forward

24. DIRECTIONAL TERMSUsed to describe the location of one body part in relation to another.

25. Direction term

26. ANTERIOR ( VENTRAL ) • A body part is located toward the front : The windpipe ( trachea ) is anterior to the oesophagus • POSTERIOR ( DORSAL ) • A body part is located toward the back : The heart is posterior to the sternum ( breastbone )

27. SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) • A body part is located above another part, or toward the head : The face is superior to the neck • INFERIOR (CAUDAL) • A body part is below another part, or toward the feet : The navel is inferior to the chin

28. MEDIAL • A body part is nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body : The bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes • LATERAL • A body part is farther away from the midline : The eyes are lateral to the nose

29. PROXIMAL • A body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk : The elbow is proximal to the hand • DISTAL • A body part is farther from the point of attachment or further from the trunk or torso : The hand is distal to the elbow

30. SUPERFISIAL ( EXTERNAL ) • A body part is located near the surface : The skin is superfisial to the muscles • DEEP ( INTERNAL ) • The body part is located away from the surface : The intestines are deep to the spine

31. CENTRAL • A body part is situated at the center to the body or an organ : The central nervous system is located along the main axis of the body • PERIPHERAL • A body part is situated away from the center of the body or an organ : The peripheral nervous system is located outside the central nervous system

32. IPSILATERAL • A body part is on the same side of the body as another body part : The right hand is ipsilateral to the right foot • CONTRALATERAL • A body part is on the opposite side of the body from another body part : The right hand is contralateral to the left hand

33. REGIONS OF THE BODYCan be divided into AXIAL and APPENDICULAR portions • AXIAL PORTION • Head & Neck • Trunk : Thorax , abdomen , pelvis • APPENDICULAR PORTION • The upper limbs • The lower limbs

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