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The Evolution of Video Games: From Pinball to Modern Consoles

This lecture explores the rich history of video games, tracing their evolution from early coin-operated devices and the first video game, "Tennis for Two," to the rise of home consoles and arcades. Key milestones include the advent of the Atari 2600, the impact of influential titles like "Pong" and "Pac-Man," and the resurgence of gaming with the NES and Sega Genesis. The presentation also covers the industry's challenges, including the 1983 video game crash, and the emergence of diverse game genres, showcasing how the video game landscape has transformed over time.

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The Evolution of Video Games: From Pinball to Modern Consoles

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  1. Multimedia Games Development COM429 Week 6 Evolution and Genres

  2. Lecture overview • Game beginnings • Rise of home consoles • Rise of arcades • Home computers • Handhelds • Next generation consoles • Games genres

  3. In the beginning • Evolution of the video game industry can be traced back to pinball and before. • Automatic Industries Whiffle machine (1931) was one of the first coin operated devices. • Evolved to electric machines (1933) with the addition of cash pay out (later banned)

  4. Early video games • Generally agreed that W.Higginbotham invented the first video game • Oscilloscope based tennis game

  5. Early video games • Spacewar (1961), Steve Russell • Used toggle switches and allowed two players to control ships which fired torpedoes at each other • Generally accepted as the first real video game

  6. Early video games • Ralph Baer (1972) Magnavox Odyssey • Form of ping pong using a moving ball and player controlled paddles. • Game box, two simple controllers and TV as a display

  7. Early video games: Atari • Nolan Bushnell formed Atari in 1972 • First commercial success was Pong

  8. Rise of home consoles • Home Pong (Atari) 1975 • Telstar (1976) • Fairchild Channel F (1976) used programmable cartridges

  9. Rise of home consoles • Atari 2600 (1977) • Magnavox Odyssey 2 (1978) • Mattel Electronics Intellivision (1979)

  10. Rise of arcades • Taito Gunfight (1975) • Exidy Games Death Race (1976) • Football/Space Invaders (1978)

  11. Rise of arcades • Lunar Lander, Atari (1979) • Asteroids, Atari (1979) • Pac-Man, Namco (1980) • Battlezone, Atari (FPS) (1980)

  12. Rise of arcades • Donkey Kong, Nintendo (1981) • Frogger, Centipede (1981) • Pole Position, Joust (1982) • Mario Bros, Spy Hunter (1983)

  13. Home consoles evolve • Atari ports Space Invaders to the 2600 (1980) • Activision formed (1980) • Atari ports Pac-Man to the 2600 (1981) • Release of E.T. on Atari 2600 (Failed) (1982) • Failed release of the Atari 5200 game console • General Consumer Electronics Vectrex (1982) • Coleco releases Colecovision (1982) • Both consoles failed, industry crashed (1984)

  14. Industry crash 1983-1984 Video game market collapsed in 1984. Factors for collapse include • Lack of innovation • Over supply • Poor strategic choices by Atari • Arrival of home computer • Press/public perception (Fad)

  15. Rise of the home computer Home computers began to grow in popularity • Use as a gaming platform • VIC 20, Commodore (1981) • Commodore 64 (1982) • Amiga • Apple II • IBM and IBM clones Arrival of developers e.g. EA, Lucas Arts

  16. Consoles:Nintendo/Sega • Famicom, Nintendo (1984) • Launched as Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in USA (1985) • Sega Master System, Sega (1986) Console market was reborn

  17. Nintendo/Sega • Sega Genesis console (16-bit) • Nintendo Super NES (1991) • Introduced the world to Sonic the Hedgehog

  18. Rise of the arcades II • Street Fighter, Capcom (1987) • Street Fighter II, Capcom (1991) • Mortal Kombat, Midway (1992)

  19. Rise of the arcades IIl • Fighting games revived arcades but they never fully recovered • Arcades focussed on high end games with specialised hardware

  20. Handheld machines • Atari Lynx (1989) • Nintendo Game Boy (1990) • NEC TurboExpress (1990) • Sega Game Gear (1991) • Game Boy Colour (2001) • Nintendo Game Boy (2003) • Nokia N-Gage (2003) • Nintendo dual-screen (2004) • PSP (2005)

  21. Rise of the home computer II • SimCity (1989) • Myst (1993) • Doom, Id Software (1993) • First-person shooter/multiplayer gaming

  22. Console wars (1990’s) • Sega Saturn (1994) • Sony Play station (1994) • Nintendo 64 (1996) Market supported all versions

  23. Console wars (2000+) • Sega Dreamcast (1999) • Sony Play station 2 (2000) • Nintendo Gamecube (2001) • Microsoft Xbox (2001) • Sega Dreamcast withdrawn (2001) • Internet connectivity on consoles (2002)

  24. Console wars (2005+) Microsoft 360 (2005) • 3 core processor • Wireless • Hard-drive • Network support • High-end graphics

  25. Console wars (2005+) Nintendo Wii (2006)

  26. Console wars (2005+) • Play station 3 (2006)

  27. Console wars (2005+)

  28. Games (2010+) • Multi-touch • Brain computer interface

  29. Games (2013+)

  30. Game Genres • Numerous types of video games • Each can be broadly classified as belonging to a particular genre • Appearance of games in the same genre can look different but will share similar characteristics • Have common design problems • Share similar gameplay/mechanics

  31. Genres: Adventure Games • Typically story-based • High level of puzzle solving to complete game • First, second or third person perspective • Typically vast complex world, interesting plot lines and diverse characters • No temporal constraints (not real time) • Game waits for player action Tomb Raider Myst 1993

  32. Genres: Action Games • Typically real-time games with short reaction times • First-person shooter (FPS) e.g. Doom, Call of Duty and Unreal Tournament • Shooting games e.g. Space Invaders • Computer generated or human players opponents • Fast pace with less focus on puzzle solving

  33. Genres: Role-Playing Games • Role-playing games typically involve heroes and quests • Based in large complex worlds with dynamic storyline • High level of player management of characters • Characters evolve and gain skills • High level of combat included to gain skills/magic or money • Diverse range of characters Final Fantasy World of Warcraft

  34. Genres: Strategy Games • Resource management to fulfill objectives • Trade off related to materials, buildings • Turn based or real-time • Can be either turn-based or real-time • Human or AI opponents Rome: Total War Command and conquer

  35. Genres: Simulations • Simulations (serious) emulate real world • Accuracy is important • Requires effort to learn elements of games • Typically simulate complex machinery e.g. Aircraft • Simulations (trivial) simplified to facilate easy game play Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004

  36. Genres: Sports Games • Players typically participate in sporting events • Manager or coaching roles • Scenario involved single match or entire season • High level of accuracy needed to reproduce the rules and strategies of the game Madden NFL 2007

  37. Genres: Fighting Games • Control figures on screen • Use combo’s to attack opponents/defend • Basic attacks and complex combinations to master • Short periods of action • Side view (multiple cameras) Virtual Fighter 5

  38. Genres: Casual Games • Easy-to-play, short length games • Little or no learning curve • Hearts/solitaire • Adapted from TV • Players familiar with format so must be followed • Players generally want to drop into and out of these games quickly.

  39. Genres: God Games • Games with general objective • Players encouraged to experiment • No correct way to play • Typically open ended Black & White 2

  40. Genres: Puzzle Games • Intellectual challenge • Solution is real objective • Real-time or not Tetris

  41. Genres: Educational Games • Used to teach while entertaining (edutainment) • Generally aimed at a younger audience • Content must be appropriate Disney Learning Adventure

  42. Genres: Serious Games Apply of game technologies/skills for non- entertainment applications e.g. • Business/medical/educational/military applications Business game Pixelearning

  43. Cross Genres • Hybrids: Survival horror in space

  44. Genres: Multiplayer /Online • Covers any of genres discussed but includes multiplayer network play • Hundreds/thousands of players • May evolve into online communities • Just starting off World of Warcraft

  45. Massively Multiplayer /Online

  46. Multimedia Games Development COM429 Week 6 Evolution and Genres

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