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The Renaissance

The Renaissance. Cultural Awakening & Church Response. Foundational Concepts. Name: Renaissance Implies a rebirth Locus Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe Narrowly: 14 th Century in Italy. Foundational Concepts. Nature. Foundational Concepts. Sources Economic transformation

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance Cultural Awakening&Church Response

  2. Foundational Concepts • Name: Renaissance • Implies a rebirth • Locus • Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe • Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy

  3. Foundational Concepts • Nature

  4. Foundational Concepts • Sources • Economic transformation • Centralizing governments • Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent republics • Proliferation of written materials • Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical foundation

  5. Renaissance and Humanism • Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the center of the universe • In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary methodology • Term evolved to mean “the study of the humanities”

  6. Expressions/forms of Humanism • Literary • Scientific • Classical • Italian (cultural/artistic humanism)

  7. Contributions of Humanism • New curriculum in universities • Preserved classical literature • Textual criticism emerged as important science(Lorenzo Valla) • Historical Awareness • Literary form and style • Revolutionized science (Galileo) • Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli)

  8. Figures of Italian Renaissance • Petrarch(1304-1374) • Founder of Renaissance humanism • Boccaccio(1313-1375) • Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron) • MarsilioFicino (1433-1499) • Director of Platonic Academy in Florence • PicodellaMirandola(1463-1494) • Wrote The Dignity of Man

  9. Renaissance flowering in arts • Giotto(1266-1336) • The Death of St. Francis

  10. Renaissance flowering in arts • Giotto(1266-1336) • The Lamentation of Christ

  11. Renaissance flowering in arts • Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) • Last Supper

  12. Renaissance flowering in arts • Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) • Mona Lisa

  13. Renaissance flowering in arts • Raphael(1483-1520) • Julian Apartments at St. Peter’s

  14. Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo(1475-1564) • Sculptures: • David, Moses, Pieta

  15. David Moses Pieta

  16. Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo(1475-1564) • Paintings: • Sistine Chapel

  17. Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo(1475-1564) • Structures: • St. Peter’s Basilica

  18. Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo(1475-1564) • Clothing: • Papal Swiss Guard

  19. Renaissance flowering in arts • Bernini(1598-1680) • St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino • St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades • Palazzo Senatorio • Ecstasy of St. Teresa

  20. St. Peter’s Cathedra Baldacchino

  21. Ecstasy of St. Teresa

  22. Renaissance – Papal Ambitions • Nine Infamous Popes of the Renaissance • Nicholas V (1447-55) • Calixtus III (1455-58) • Pius II (1458-64) • Paul II (1464-71) • Sixtus IV (1471-84) • Innocent VIII (1484-92) • Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503) • Julius II (1503-1513) • Leo X (1513-1521)

  23. Renaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism • Links bridging two expressions of humanism • Foreign correspondence of Italian humanists • Printed books, originating in places like Aldine press in Venice • European scholars

  24. Renaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism • Three Ideals • Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine literature) • Emphasized religious program directed towards revival of the Christian church • Struck a pacifistic note in most areas

  25. Key Figures: Northern Humanism • John Colet(1467-1519) • Thomas Moore(1478-1535) • Johannes Reuchlin(1455-1522) • Erasmus(1466-1536) • Handbook of the Christian Soldier(1503) • Praise of Folly(1511) • Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence)(1516) • Colloquies(1518) • On Free Will(c. 1524) “Laid the egg that Luther hatched”

  26. Renaissance Resistance: Mystical Alternative • Quest • Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of God • Two Forms • Psychological – emotional union • Philosophical – essential union • Causes • Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism • Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of reason • Protest against troubled times in the church and society

  27. Influential Mystics • John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327) • Father of German mysticism • Julian of Norwich (1342-1423) • Greatest woman mystic of middle ages • Catherine of Siena (1347-1380) • Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best • John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381) • Influenced mystical movement in Holland • Gerard Groote (1340-1384) • Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life • Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471) • Imitation of Christ

  28. Consequences of Mysticism • Emphasis on subjectiveness of Gospel message • Tended to substitute inner authority for the Bible (minimized doctrine) • Could become too passivistic -- no outward action to match inward reflection I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying. The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus (1515-1582)

  29. Renaissance Resistance:Ultra-Conservatives Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498) • Background • Ministry Career • Political entanglements • Penitential city of Florence • Burning of the Vanities • Downfall and death (May 23, 1498) • Message in his life and death

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