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Language and Thought

Chapter 8. Language and Thought. Can Animals Develop Language?. Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees Vocal apparatus issue American Sign Language Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1969) Chimpanzee - Washoe 160 word vocabulary Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Bonobo chimpanzee - Kanzi Symbols

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Language and Thought

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  1. Chapter 8 Language and Thought

  2. Can Animals Develop Language? • Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees • Vocal apparatus issue • American Sign Language • Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1969) • Chimpanzee - Washoe • 160 word vocabulary • Sue Savage-Rumbaugh • Bonobo chimpanzee - Kanzi • Symbols • Receptive language – 72% of 660 requests

  3. Theories of Language Acquisition • Behaviorist • Skinner • learning of specific verbal responses • Nativist • Chomsky • learning the rules of language • Language Acquisition Device (LAD) • Interactionist • Cognitive, social communication, and emergentist theories

  4. Figure 8.5 Interactionist theories of language acquisition

  5. Problem Solving: Types of Problems • Greeno (1978) – three basic classes • Problems of inducing structure • Series completion and analogy problems • Problems of arrangement • String problem and Anagrams • Often solved through insight • Problems of transformation • Hobbits and orcs problem • Water jar problem

  6. Figure 8.6 Six standard problems used in studies of problem solving

  7. Effective Problem Solving • Well defined vs. ill defined problems • Barriers to effective problem solving: • Irrelevant Information • Functional Fixedness • Mental Set • Unnecessary Constraints

  8. Figure 8.12 The tower of Hanoi problem

  9. Approaches to Problem Solving • Algorithms • Systematic trial-and-error • Guaranteed solution • Heuristics • Shortcuts • No guaranteed solution • Forming subgoals • Working backward • Searching for analogies • Changing the representation of a problem

  10. Figure 8.16 Representing the bird and train problem

  11. Culture, Cognitive Style,and Problem Solving • Field dependence – relying on external frames of reference • Field independence – relying on internal frames of reference • Western cultures inspire field independence • Cultural influence based in ecological demands • Holistic vs. analytic cognitive styles

  12. Decision Making:Evaluating Alternatives and Making Choices • Simon (1957) – theory of bounded rationality • Making Choices • Additive strategies • Elimination by aspects • Risky decision making • Expected value • Subjective utility • Subjective probability

  13. Table 8.3 Application of the additive model to choosing an apartment

  14. Heuristics in Judging Probabilities • The availability heuristic • The representativeness heuristic • The tendency to ignore base rates • The conjunction fallacy • The alternative outcomes effect

  15. Figure 8.18 The conjunction fallacy

  16. Understanding Pitfalls in ReasoningAbout Decisions • The gambler’s fallacy • Overestimating the improbable • Confirmation bias and belief perseverance • The overconfidence effect • Framing

  17. Evolutionary Analyses: Flaws in Decision Making and Fast and Frugal Heuristics • Cosmides and Tooby (1996) • Unrealistic standard of rationality • Decision making evolved to handle real-world adaptive problems • Problem solving research based on contrived, artificial problems • Gigerenzer (2000) • Quick and dirty heuristics • Less than perfect but adaptive

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