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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests. Earlier Explorations. Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca A New Player  Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships.

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

  2. Earlier Explorations • Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca • A New Player  Europe • Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships. • Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

  3. Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

  4. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

  5. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

  6. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

  7. The Astrolabe is a very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. New Maritime Technologies

  8. Sextant A device that measures the angle between two objects. Uses two mirrors. With this sextant, one of the mirrors ( mirror A in the diagram) is half-silvered, which allows some light to pass through. In navigating, you look at the horizon through this mirror. New Maritime Technologies

  9. New Weapons Technology

  10. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419 • 1394-1460) • Portuguese royal prince, soldier • Patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself. • Due to his patronage, Portuguese ships sailed to the Madeira Islands (Joao Goncalves Zarco, 1420), rounded Cape Bojador (Eannes, 1434), sailed to Cape Blanc (Nuno Tristao, 1441), sailed around Cap Vert (1455), and went as far as the Gambia River (Cadamosto, 1456) and Cape Palmas (Gomes, 1459-1460).

  11. Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

  12. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calcutta. • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

  13. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

  14. Christoforo Colon [1451-1506] AKA Cristopher Columbus

  15. Columbus’ Four Voyages

  16. Other Voyages of Exploration

  17. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

  18. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition that sailed around the Earth (1519-1522). Magellan also named the Pacific Ocean (the name means that it is a calm, peaceful ocean). Magellan was born in Northern Portugal (either in Sabrosa or in Oporto). His parents, Pedro Ruy de Magalhaes and Alda de Mezquita, were members of the nobility (they were wealthy and powerful).

  19. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  20. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

  21. The Death of Montezuma II

  22. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

  23. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  24. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

  25. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

  26. The “Columbian Exchange”

  27. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  28. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

  29. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  30. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

  31. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  32. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  33. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

  34. European Empires in the Americas

  35. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  36. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomienda or forced labor. • Council of the Indies. • Viceroy. • New Spain and Peru. • Papal agreement.

  37. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

  38. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

  39. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

  40. New Colonial Rivals • Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. • Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. • Surat in NW India in 1608. • Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

  41. New Colonial Rivals

  42. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

  43. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

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