1. Roaring Twenties Unit VIA AP U.S. History

2. Fundamental Question • Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms and did it reflect its description as “roaring”?

3. “A Return to Normalcy” • Dedication and inspiration for Progressive reform waned • Americans apprehensive about becoming a world power after WWI • Returning soldiers and paranoia of WWI reestablished a conservative and isolationist society • A reinvigoration of American business prosperity and consumerism

4. America’s Consumer Society • Competition increased against trusts/monopolies • Real income increased for most workers • Avoid agitation of unions • Production and profits through mass production techniques • Wide variety and availability of consumer products • Model T • Domestic appliances • Installment plans • National advertising • Automobiles – the new railroad

5. Consumer Ads

6. Republican Domination • Republican Congress, Presidents, appointed commissions, and conservative Supreme Court pursued and sided with pro-business policies • Regulation as a form of stabilization, but generally a hands-off approach to the national economy

7. Election of 1920

8. Warren G. Harding (R) (1920-1923) • “Return to normalcy.” • Bureau of the Budget • Revenue Act of 1921 • Tax cuts for wealthy • Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) • Increase tariff rates, especially on industrial goods • Scandalous • Teapot Dome – bribes for oil fields • Veteran’s Bureau fraud and bribery • Attorney General bribed by almost everyone • Harding died in office

9. Election of 1924

10. Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928) • “The business of the United States is business.” • Revenue Act of 1926 • More tax cuts for the wealthy • Vetoed veterans’ benefits and farm assistance, but overruled by Congress

11. Election of 1928

12. Herbert Hoover (R) (1928-1932) • Never ran for elected office; worked under last three presidents • Campaigned on prosperity of last Republican presidents and to continue policies

13. 1920s Social Turmoil • Blacks • White resentment on blacks in job market • Lynches increased • Ku Klux Klan returns • Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey • Unsuccessful migration plan to return to Africa • Nativists and Immigrants • Palmer Raids and Red Scare prejudice continue on with Sacco and Vanzetti case • Quota laws • Emergency Quota Act (1921) – 3% of person in U.S. in 1910 • National Origins Act (1924) – 2% of persons in U.S. in 1890 • Max of 150,000 non-Western • Prohibition • Enforced in rural areas; blind eye in urban areas • Speakeasies • Bootlegging and rise of organized crime/bribes • Women • Voted as husbands did • Homemaker, domestic jobs, low wages • Divorces becoming more attainable

14. KKK as Rural Terrorists

15. Immigration and Quotas

16. Speakeasies

17. Culture Conflict and Change • Religion • Election of 1928 showed disdain of Protestants and Catholics • Modernism vs. fundamentalism among Christians • Scopes Trial – creationism and evolution • Hero Worship • Individual success amidst a sea of conformity • Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, Charlie Chaplin • Entertainment develops mass culture • Radio broadcasts news, sports, game shows, dramas, comedies • Movie industry rises with silent films and talkies • Jazz Age • American youth break with American social and rural-based traditions • Flapper girl • Jazz music and clubs • “The Lost Generation” • Disillusionment with American culture and society as materialistic and consumer-driven • Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms), F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby) • Harlem Renaissance • Poets, musicians, painters, authors on black themes and culture

18. Flapper Girl and Sexual Direction

19. Babe Ruth

20. Charles Lindbergh

21. Charlie Chaplin

22. American Foreign Affairs • Washington Conference (1921) • 5:5:3 naval ratio • Respect China and Open Door policy • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • Aggressive war illegal; defensive war legal • Foreign investments • Middle East oil investments • Protection of Latin America investments • War debts and Dawes Plan • Cycle of American bank loans to Germany to pay reparations to France/GB to pay war debts to America