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Roaring Twenties

Roaring Twenties. Unit VIA AP U.S. History. Fundamental Question. Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms and did it reflect its description as “roaring”?. “A Return to Normalcy”. Dedication and inspiration for Progressive reform waned

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Roaring Twenties

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  1. Roaring Twenties Unit VIA AP U.S. History

  2. Fundamental Question • Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms and did it reflect its description as “roaring”?

  3. “A Return to Normalcy” • Dedication and inspiration for Progressive reform waned • Americans apprehensive about becoming a world power after WWI • Returning soldiers and paranoia of WWI reestablished a conservative and isolationist society • A reinvigoration of American business prosperity and consumerism

  4. America’s Consumer Society • Competition increased against trusts/monopolies • Real income increased for most workers • Avoid agitation of unions • Production and profits through mass production techniques • Wide variety and availability of consumer products • Model T • Domestic appliances • Installment plans • National advertising • Automobiles – the new railroad

  5. Consumer Ads

  6. Republican Domination • Republican Congress, Presidents, appointed commissions, and conservative Supreme Court pursued and sided with pro-business policies • Regulation as a form of stabilization, but generally a hands-off approach to the national economy

  7. Election of 1920

  8. Warren G. Harding (R) (1920-1923) • “Return to normalcy.” • Bureau of the Budget • Revenue Act of 1921 • Tax cuts for wealthy • Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) • Increase tariff rates, especially on industrial goods • Scandalous • Teapot Dome – bribes for oil fields • Veteran’s Bureau fraud and bribery • Attorney General bribed by almost everyone • Harding died in office

  9. Election of 1924

  10. Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928) • “The business of the United States is business.” • Revenue Act of 1926 • More tax cuts for the wealthy • Vetoed veterans’ benefits and farm assistance, but overruled by Congress

  11. Election of 1928

  12. Herbert Hoover (R) (1928-1932) • Never ran for elected office; worked under last three presidents • Campaigned on prosperity of last Republican presidents and to continue policies

  13. 1920s Social Turmoil • Blacks • White resentment on blacks in job market • Lynches increased • Ku Klux Klan returns • Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey • Unsuccessful migration plan to return to Africa • Nativists and Immigrants • Palmer Raids and Red Scare prejudice continue on with Sacco and Vanzetti case • Quota laws • Emergency Quota Act (1921) – 3% of person in U.S. in 1910 • National Origins Act (1924) – 2% of persons in U.S. in 1890 • Max of 150,000 non-Western • Prohibition • Enforced in rural areas; blind eye in urban areas • Speakeasies • Bootlegging and rise of organized crime/bribes • Women • Voted as husbands did • Homemaker, domestic jobs, low wages • Divorces becoming more attainable

  14. KKK as Rural Terrorists

  15. Immigration and Quotas

  16. Speakeasies

  17. Culture Conflict and Change • Religion • Election of 1928 showed disdain of Protestants and Catholics • Modernism vs. fundamentalism among Christians • Scopes Trial – creationism and evolution • Hero Worship • Individual success amidst a sea of conformity • Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, Charlie Chaplin • Entertainment develops mass culture • Radio broadcasts news, sports, game shows, dramas, comedies • Movie industry rises with silent films and talkies • Jazz Age • American youth break with American social and rural-based traditions • Flapper girl • Jazz music and clubs • “The Lost Generation” • Disillusionment with American culture and society as materialistic and consumer-driven • Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms), F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby) • Harlem Renaissance • Poets, musicians, painters, authors on black themes and culture

  18. Flapper Girl and Sexual Direction

  19. Babe Ruth

  20. Charles Lindbergh

  21. Charlie Chaplin

  22. American Foreign Affairs • Washington Conference (1921) • 5:5:3 naval ratio • Respect China and Open Door policy • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • Aggressive war illegal; defensive war legal • Foreign investments • Middle East oil investments • Protection of Latin America investments • War debts and Dawes Plan • Cycle of American bank loans to Germany to pay reparations to France/GB to pay war debts to America

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