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ECOLOGY

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ECOLOGY

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    1. ECOLOGY

    3. Successful Ecosystems must have: A constant flow of energy (sunlight is the primary source of energy for earths ecosystem) Recycling of resources.

    4. Abiotic (nonliving and limiting factors): pH, soil, temperature range, water, gases, light Biotic (living factors and nutritional relationships between organisms): animals, plants

    5. Nutritional Relationships: transfer of energy from one organism to another

    6. Autotrophs: can use energy from the environment to make food Chemosynthetic: chemicals Photosynthetic: light

    7. Heterotrophs: cannot synthesize their own food Saprophytes: obtain food from dead organisms Herbivores: feed on plants

    8. Carnivores: feed on other animals (include predators and scavengers) Omnivores: consume both plants and animals

    9. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism: +0 nutritional relationship in which one benefits, the other is not harmed. Ex: barnacles on a whale

    10. Mutualism:both organisms benefit.++ Ex: lichens algae (food) and fungus (anchorage/water); e. coli human digestive system; nitrogen-fixing-bacteria in legumes

    11. Parasitism: one organism is harmed, the other benefits. -+ Ex: tapeworms in animals; heart worms in animals; athletes foot fungus

    12. Predator/Prey relationships/Density Dependent Factors Population of one organism depends on the other (can lead to co-evolution)

    13. Co-evolution the evolution of one species depends in part on the evolution of the other As predators evolve more efficient ways of capturing or consuming prey, the prey evolves ways to escape predation

    14. Carrying Capacity = maximum amount of organisms area can support

    17. Density Independent Factors not dependent on the number of individuals (natural occurrence) Ex: floods, tsunami

    18. Food Chains (shows energy flow) vs. Food Webs (complex interconnected food chains)

    25. Water Cycle The main purpose of the water cycle is to replenish the supply of water through the environment. Water is an abiotic (limiting factor) Processes are: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration (plants only), respiration (plants and animals)

    27. Carbon cycle Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen are recycled through the environment through photosynthesis and respiration

    29. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are the most important organisms! Plants get nitrogen from the soil (nitrates) & animals get nitrogen from plants Nitrogen is needed for proteins & nucleic acids (DNA)

    31. Succession Orderly progression through time of changes in community composition Usually described in terms of plant life; unless interrupted (disturbed) succession passes through intermediate stages from pioneer to climax community

    32. Primary Succesion Usually begins with pioneer organism such as lichens, algae Pioneer species first organism to populate an area

    33. Secondary Succession follows a disturbance that destroys community not the soil Ex: Catastrophic Event such as forest fire, flooding

    34. Niche vs. Habitat Niche is an animals profession; the fundamental role of an organism Habitat is an animals address; the physical & biological surroundings of an organism Some organisms share the same habitat but different niches; Ex: owl & hawk

    38. Terrestrial Biomes Tundra: very cold, low biotic diversity (mosses, polar bear), permafrost Taiga: average temperature below freezing for 6 months; conifers, moose Temperature deciduous forest: cold winters & hot summer; maple, oak

    39. Desert: extreme heat & extreme dryness; cacti, snakes Rain forest: half of worlds plant & animal, high temperatures & rainfall Grassland: terrains of grasses, fires prevent large forest; sunflowers & turkey

    40. Aquatic Biomes: Most stable because of little fluctuations of temperature

    41. Humans and the Biosphere Human Population Growth due to the advances in medicine & technology; increase due to increased birthrate & decreased death rate

    43. Species Biodiversity: the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere Threats to Biodiversity: over-hunting; habitat destruction; pollutions; deforestation

    44. Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas produced from the burning of fossil fuels; aka: global warming due to trapping of heat on earths surface

    45. Ozone Depletion (O3): protects the earth from UV radiation; depletion is due to CFCs

    46. Biomagnification & Bioaccumulation: is the increase in concentration of a substance along the food chains; accumulate or magnified more in higher organisms

    48. Rachel Carson lead awareness concerning pesticide accumulation Wrote book telling about effects of DDT(Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) which is a pesticide on birds, lead an environmental movement

    50. Positive Aspects by Human: Population Control, Consideration of Resources; Pollution Control; Species Preservation; Biological Controls

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