7 th Grade Social Studies CRCT Prep. Review

1. 7th Grade Social StudiesCRCT Prep. Review Jeffrey Bell 7th Grade Social Studies

2. 4/22/13Links to Learning CRCT Prep. • Login • Go to student shared drive • Click on Coach Bell • CRCT Prep. • Copy website http://www.linkstolearning.com/links/Atlanta/Test%20Prep/CRCT/crct.htm • Go to the internet • Paste • website • Send scores to: jeffrey.bell@douglas.k12.ga.us

3. Unit One Connecting Themes Used In Global Studies

4. 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY The 5 Themes of Geography are: Location-Geographic study begins with learning the location of places. Location can be absolute or relative. Place- Describes the human and physical characteristics of a location. Region-Region divides the world into manageable units for geographic study. Movement-Studies movement and migration across the planet. Human-Environment Interaction-How humans adapt to and modify the environment

5. LOCATION- Place on a map ABSOLUTE LOCATION- Uses Latitude and Longitude to locate a place on the map ex.- Douglasville Ga. Is located at: 33° 44' 59" N / 84° 43' 23" W RELATIVE LOCATION- Use descriptive terms to locate one place in relation to another. ex.-The City of Douglasville, GA, is about 20 miles west of Atlanta in Douglas County.

6. PLACE-Describes the physical and human characteristics of an area. Physical Characteristics include the geographic features such as landforms and climate of an area.

7. Climate- There are 3 major climate zones on earth. Temperatures in these three climate zones are determined mainly by the location, or latitude, of the zone. Polar(High Latitude)-In each hemisphere, the polar zone extends from the pole (90) to about 60 degrees latitude. Temperate-In each hemisphere, the temperate zone is found between 60 and 30 degrees latitude. Tropical(Low Latitude)- In each hemisphere, the tropical zone extends from 30 degrees north and south latitude to the equator (0 degrees)

8. Government-There are many types of government. Here are some of the most common. Dictatorship Totalitarian Theocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Republic Anarchy Totalitarian Oligarchy Democracy

9. Government Dictatorship-Rule by a single leader who has not been elected and may use force to keep control. In a military dictatorship, the army is in control. Usually, there is little or no attention to public opinion or individual rights. Example- Cuba

10. Government Totalitarian-Rule by a single political party.  People are forced to do what the government tells them and may also be prevented from leaving the country. Example- China

11. Government Theocracy A form of government where the rulers claim to be ruling on behalf of a set of religious ideas, or as direct agents of a deity. Example-Iran

12. Government Monarchy A monarchy has a king or queen, who sometimes has absolute power. Power is passed along through the family Example- Jordan

13. Government Parliamentary A parliamentary system is led by representatives of the people. Each is chosen as a member of a political party and remains in power as long as his/her party does Example-Canada and The United Kingdom

14. Government Anarchy Anarchy is a situation where there is no government.  This can happen after a civil war in a country, when a government has been destroyed and rival groups are fighting to take its place.  Example-Afghanistan

15. Government Totalitarian Rule by a single political party.  Votes for alternative candidates and parties are simply not allowed. Citizens are allowed and 'encouraged' to vote, but only for the government's chosen candidates. Example-North Korea

16. Government Oligarchy A form of government which consists of rule by an elite group who rule in their own interests, especially the accumulation of wealth and privilege. Only certain members of society have a valid voice in the government. This can reflect (but is not limited to) economic interests, a particular religious tradition (theocracy), or familial rule (monarchy). Example-Pakistan

17. Government Democracy In a democracy, the government is elected by the people. Everyone who is eligible to vote - which is a majority of the population - has a chance to have their say over who runs the country.  Example-India

18. Economic Systems of the World Economic systems can actually be divided into 3 categories based on how the country manages the production and distribution of goods and services. These are: Traditional Command Market

19. Economic Systems of the World TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM What is produced and what each person does is determined by birth. A person might be expected to do what his father did. The share of wealth is determined by custom or one's position in society. There are traditional economies that exist today in parts of Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America.

20. Economic Systems of the World COMMAND ECONOMIC SYSTEM- The individual has very little say as to how the basic economic questions are answered. What is produced and what each person does might be determined by a small group of individuals. The product might be the property of the small group in control or shared with others. The People's Republic of China ,Uganda and the Soviet Union are examples of command economies, although, most of these nations have gradually moved toward a limited market economy.

21. Economic Systems of the World MARKET ECONOMIC SYSTEM- What is produced and what each person does is based on the activity within the market. Buyers and sellers decide for themselves what goods and services will be produced. Individuals decide for themselves the answers to the basic economic questions. The United States is classified as a market economy.

22. SS7G5 The student will locate selected features in Southwestern Asia (Middle East).

24. Locate the following places on your map: Euphrates River (Turkey, Iraq, Syria) Jordan River (Jordan, Israel) Tigris River (Turkey, Iraq) Suez Canal (Saudi Arabia, Egypt) Persian Gulf (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar) Strait of Hormuz (UAE, Oman, Iran) Arabian Sea (Iran, Oman, Pakistan, India) Red Sea (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan) Gaza Strip (Israel)

25. Euphrates River The Euphrates River begins in the mountains of Turkey. It flows southward through Syria and Iraq. It meets up with the Tigris River in southern Iraq and empties into the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates River is one of the most important rivers in the world. The Tigris Euphrates valley was the birthplace of ancient civilizations. The river is the source of political tension between Turkey, Syria and Iraq because they all compete for the use of its waters for irrigation and the generation of hydroelectric power.  Picture of the Euphrates River

26. Jordan River The Dead Sea is the lowest point on the Earth’s surface The Jordan River extends from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. It is considered to be one of the world's most sacred rivers to both Christians and Jews. It is a major river in southwest Asia and provides crucial water for Jordan and Israel.

27. Fun Fact: The Dead Sea

28. Tigris River City of Baghdad The Tigris River is 1,150 miles long and begins on the Armenian plateau in Turkey.  In Iraq, it receives additional water from four other rivers.  As a result, the Tigris is a faster flowing river and is more subject to catastrophic flooding than the Euphrates.

29. The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Suez Canal It is approximately 100 miles long. It opened in November 1869, allowing water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said, and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez.

30. Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf Persian: خلیج فارس, Arabic: الخليج الفارسي lies between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. This inland sea is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz, and its western end is marked by the major river delta of Arvand-Rud , which carries the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris.

31. The Strait of HormuzArabic: مضيق هرمز‎ - Persian: تنگه هرمز a narrow, strategically important waterway between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, which leads into the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. 40% of the world’s oil shipments go through the Strait (approximately 17 million barrels a day). Because it is such an important ocean trade route, nations have been willing to go to war to keep the Strait open.

32. Arabian Sea Arabian Sea is a portion of the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Peninsula on the west and the subcontinent of India on the east. Bounded on the north by Iran and Pakistan, it merges with the main body of the Indian Ocean in the south. Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aden Among the principal arms of the Arabian Sea are the Gulf of Aden, which links it with the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Oman, which links it with the Persian Gulf.

33. Red Sea A narrow, inland sea, separating the Arabian peninsula, from northeastern Africa. The maximum depth of the sea is 9,970 ft, and its maximum width is 220 mi. The Suez Canal connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea formed when the Arabian Peninsula was torn from Africa, 20 million years ago. The Red Sea occupies an area known as the Great Rift Valley.

34. Arabic: قطاع غزة‎ Hebrew: רצועת עזה‎ A Palestinian territory bordered on the south by Egypt and on the north and east by Israel. Israel occupied the area until 2005, when the government of the area was turned over to Palestinian authorities. Today it controlled by Hamas and the land is being used by radical groups to launch missiles toward Israel.

35. Locate the following countries on your map: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey

36. Afghanistan Landlocked Capital – Kabul Currency - Afghani (AFN) Official languages: Dan (Persian) and Pashto Afghanistan is east of Iran and north of Pakistan. Mountains cover most of the country. The climate is harsh; very hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter. The climate and the landscape make farming very difficult. Much of the economy is based on deposits of minerals and precious stones. Women wearing Burqas

37. Iran Capital – Teheran Official language: Persian Currency - Iranian rial (ريال) (IRR) Once known as Persia, Iran’s government is a Theocratic Republic. Iran is home to the world’s oldest civilizations, dating back to 4,000 BC. Oil serves as Iran’s major source of income. Most of the population lives in the west (desert to the east).

38. Iraq Capital – Baghdad Currency - Iraqi dinar (IQD) Official languages: Arabic and Kurdish Modern Iraq was created after WWI. It covers a region often referred to as the “cradle of civilization”. Iraq, once known as Mesopotamia, has abundant oil and natural gas reserves. Although it is estimated that nearly 90% of these reserves have not been tapped, they are a major source of Iraq’s income. Kadhimain Mosque, Baghdad

39. Israel Capital - Jerusalem Official languages: Hebrew and Arabic Currency - Israeli new sheqel (₪‎) (ILS or NIS) The Wailing Wall or Western Wall is the remains of the great Jewish temple, which had stood for close to 500 years. Herod began rebuilding and adding on to the temple around 19 B.C.E., and the total work was not finished until fifty years later. The temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E. It is thought by Jews to be the most sacred of places, because the temple was thought to be the place where God resides on earth.

40. Saudi Arabia Capital – Riyadh Currency - Riyal (SAR) Official language: Arabic Mecca is the holiest place in the Islamic religion. Saudi Arabia exports more oil than any other nation in the world. Saudi law is based on the Quran and quite harsh according to western standards. The state will beat offenders or cut off hands or feet for crimes like stealing. Women’s rights are greatly restricted.

41. Turkey Capital – Ankara Currency - Turkish lira5 (TRY) Official language: Turkish Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey Turkey, like Russia, stretches into two different continents; Europe and Asia. It was once the center of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey was founded in 1923.

42. The World's Major Religions Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism

43. Judaism 13Principles of Judaism 1. God exists. 2. God is one and unique. 3. God is incorporeal. 4. God is eternal. 5. Prayer is to be directed to God alone. 6. The words of the prophets are true. 7. Moses was the greatest prophet, and his prophecies are true. 8. The Torah was given to Moses. 9. There will be no other Torah. 10. God knows the thoughts and deeds of men. 11. God will reward the good and punish the wicked. 12. The Messiah will come. 13. The dead will be resurrected. The first monotheistic (one God) religion, Judaism traces its roots back thousands of years. Jews believe there is one God who created and rules the world. This God is omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing) and omnipresent (in all places at all times). God is also just and merciful. Holy Book: The Torah, which means "teaching", is God's revealed instructions to the Jewish People. The Ten Commandments are considered the most important commandments of the Torah.

44. Christianity Christian beliefs 1. God created all that is seen and unseen2. Jesus is the Son of God and is one with God3. Jesus was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary4. Jesus suffered and was crucified5. Jesus died and was buried6. Jesus rose again (the Resurrection)7. Jesus ascended into Heaven8. Jesus will return to judge the living and the dead 9. Anyone can have salvation10. People who repent their sins will be forgiven The birthplace of Christianity is an area now known as the Holy Land; Israel/Palestine in the city of Jerusalem. The Holy Bible is the only inspired, infallible, and authoritative written Word of God, penned by man with the leading of the Holy Spirit.

45. The Arabian Peninsula the birthplace of Islam Islam The word "Islam" itself means "Submission to Allah." 5 Pillars of Faith 1. Shahada (testimony of faith)One is required to say "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." 4. Siyam (fasting)fasting during the month of Ramadan. From dawn to dusk for the entire month 3. Zakat(almsgiving)Charitable giving is a requirement for all Muslims. Almsgiving is incumbent upon the individual Muslim - except for in Saudi Arabia, where Zakat is strictly enforced by the rule of Islamic law. 5. Hajj(pilgrimage)To go to the holy city of Mecca for the Hajj, or pilgrimage. Every able-bodied Muslim is required - if their finances permit - to make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime. 2. Salat(prayer)Muslims pray toward Mecca five times daily, at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and night. Holy book is the Quran

46. There are two sects, Sunni and Shi'a.  Islam in the Middle East is predominantly Sunni, with the exception of Iran.

47. The basic scriptures of Hinduism, are called “the Vedas and the Upanishads”. Basic beliefs of Hinduism Dharma (ethics and duties) Samsara (rebirth) Karma (right action) Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara) Hinduism Hinduism is the world's oldest religious tradition (circa 10,000 BC), with a billion followers, making it the world's third largest religion. Hinduism is a mixture of religious, philosophical, and cultural ideas and practices that originated in India. Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme Absolute called "Brahman“ (Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, and being ). The most fundamental of Hindu deities is the Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Ganesha creates the faith to remove all obstacles. Hindu prayers begin by invoking his name. He is the son of Shiva In addition to many gods and goddesses, Hindus also worship spirits, trees, animals and even planets.

48. Brahma Creator Vishnu Preserver Shiva Destroyer Brahma is self-born (without mother) in the lotus flower which grew from the navel of Vishnu at the beginning of the universe. He is responsible for day and night. Shiva is responsible for change both in the form of death and destruction and in the positive sense of the shedding of old habits. Shiva lives on Mount Kailasa in the Himalayas. Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation. When evil overtakes good in the world, Vishnu will come in human form to set things right again.

49. The Middle EastHistorical Understandings U.S Presence and Interest The United States has had significant political and economic interests in Southwest Asia for over 200 years. Vast supplies of oil are found in this area, oil that is critical to United States energy needs. Since the end of World War I, the United States has played an important role in diplomacy following the break-up of the Ottoman Empire.

50. The Middle EastHistorical Understandings U.S Presence and Interest cont. 1991 Iraq War In August 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait in an effort to control Kuwait’s large oil reserves. The leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, claimed that Kuwait was taking more than they were allowed from shared oil fields. He also claimed that when the Ottoman Empire was broken-up at the end of World War I, the area that became Kuwait should have been part of Iraq.