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Practical Group

Practical Group. Teachers Lab At CERN. Jana Buresova Marla Glover Claudia Haagen-Schützenhöfer Alexander Kraft. Teachers lab at CERN. General concept Demonstration Equipment Cost. Where should the lab be?. It should be a fixed installation (room, lab, etc…)

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Practical Group

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  1. Practical Group Teachers Lab At CERN Jana Buresova Marla Glover Claudia Haagen-Schützenhöfer Alexander Kraft

  2. Teachers lab at CERN • General concept • Demonstration • Equipment • Cost

  3. Where should the lab be? • It should be a fixed installation (room, lab, etc…) • Near Microcosm – First choice • Near the Training Center – second choice • Very near a Equipment Storage area • Near a workshop area

  4. Who should us it? • It could become apart of existing teacher programs( HST, workshops, visits, etc…) • Create a program just to use for labs • An extension of programs • A follow-up program to existing programs • Teachers with a class of students • They would need to have passed a CERN training program to run the equipment and know and understand CERN procedures

  5. What should the lab look like? • Ideal • Classroom with lab space and terminals • Attached storage area • Attached workshop workshop classroom lab storage

  6. What should the lab look like? • Next best • Classroom with large demonstration area • Presentation Equipment • Storage nearby

  7. Look at other particle labs DESY – workshops for students and teachers in special lab (experiments with radioactivity, vacuum and cosmic rays) Also demonstrational experiments: Photoeffect, Comptoneffect, Röntgenspectrum …

  8. Look at the other particle labs FERMILAB Lederman Science Center

  9. Look at the other particle labs • Fermilab • Educational center for both students and teachers • Workshops for students and pupils with hands-on experiments • Programmes not only about particle physics • Wide offer of different types of visits (1-day to 1-week)

  10. Equipment for Teacher’s Lab to show: • Structure of matter and basic properties of elementary particles • Particle acceleration • Particle detection

  11. Rutherford Experiment

  12. WHAT? • Historic experiment to investigate the structure of matter • Scattering • -spectroscopy • HOW? • A beam of - particles is scattered against gold sheet. • The intensity at different angles hints to structure of atoms. • WHY? • Investigate the internal structure of particles • To understand early methods of determining properties • Scattering (fixed target experiment) is a method to do particle physics (particle production, detection …)

  13. Millikan Experiment

  14. WHAT? • Historic experiment to determine the charge of an elcetron • Electric field • Measurement of e/m • HOW? • An electric field and gravity acts on charged oil droplets at the same time in opposite directions. • The elementary charge is determined from the velocity of the oil-drop movement. • WHY? • Mass and charge are important particle properties

  15. Stern-Gerlach Experiment

  16. WHAT? • Historic experiment to prove the existence of electron spin • Magnetic moment • Directional quantization • HOW? • A beam of potassium atoms is deflected in a non-uniform magnetic field because of the magnetic moment of the atoms. • Magnitude and direction of the magnetic moment of the atoms are obtained by measuring the density of the beam. • WHY? • Electron spin and magnetic moment are important properties of elementary particles

  17. Zeemann Effect

  18. WHAT? • Quantization of energy levels • Electron spin • Bohr’s magneton • Interference of magnetic wave • HOW? • A cadmium lap is submitted to different magnetic flux densities. • The red cadmium line is splitted. • WHY? • Show basic properties of particles • Methodology used in Cosmology

  19. Electron spin resonance • What? • _ Energy quantum • _ Quantum number • _ Resonance • _ g-factor

  20. Cathode Ray Tube

  21. WHAT? • Linear propagation of electron beams • Behaviour of electrons in electric fields • Deflection of electrons in magnetic fields (Lorentz-Force) • HOW? • Electrons are accelerated within electric fields. • The electron beam is deflected by magnets. • WHY? • Electric fields are used for acceleration • Magnetic fields are used for bending beams in accelerators • The change of trajectories due to magnetic fields is one principle of measurement in detectors

  22. Thomson’s experiment

  23. WHAT? • Energy gain due to electric field • Trajectory curvature due to magnetic field (Lorentz) • Properties of electrons (charge, mass) • HOW? • Electrons accelerated in an electric field and enter a perpendicular magnetic field. • e/m is determined from accelerating voltage, magnetic field strength and radius of the orbit. • WHY? • Electric fields are used for acceleration • Magnetic fields are used for bending beams in accelerators • The change of trajectories due to magnetic fields is one principle of measurement in detectors

  24. Electron beam diffraction

  25. WHAT? • Material waves • De Broglie equation • Bragg reflection • Calculation of electron velocity • HOW? • Accelerated electrons hit a polycrystalline layer of graphite. • The interference pattern is displayed on a flourescent screen. • WHY? • The wave-nature of particles plays a role in acceleration • Scattering (fixed target experiment) is one method to do particle physics

  26. Superconductivity

  27. WHAT? • Determine transmission temperature • Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effect • HOW? • The temperature of the superconductor is constantly lowered. • Temperature and resistance are measured in short time intervals. • WHY? • Superconductors are important for the creation of accelerators and detectors

  28. Hall Effect

  29. WHAT? • Strength of the magnetic field • Magnetic moment • Directional quantization • HOW? • A current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. • A small transverse potential difference (Hall-voltage) can be determined. • WHY? • Magnetic fields of a certain flux play an important role in many steps of CERN experiments (acceleration, detection ...)

  30. Magnetic Nuclear Resonance

  31. WHAT? • Strength of the magnetic field • Magnetic moment • Directional quantization • HOW? • Magnetic moments are aligned with an external magnetic field and this alignment is perturbed by an electromagnetic field. • The response to the field by perturbing is what is exploited in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. • WHY? • Precision measurement of magnetic fields is done by NMR at CERN

  32. Photoelectric Effect

  33. WHAT? • Work function • Photon energy • Quantization of energy • HOW? • A negatively charged zinc plate on top of an electroscope is illuminated with a high pressure mercury lamp. • The zinc plate is discharged if there is no barrier (plexiglass) in between. • WHY? • Excitation by collision and emission of photons afterwards is one principle of measurement in detection

  34. Myon experiences WHAT? • Measure properties of muons • Observe decays HOW? • Cloud chamber (Workshop or Equipment) • KamioCan (HST 2000) • Experiments done by practical WorkingGroup QUARKNET • WHY? • Usage of cosmic rays for calibration of detectors

  35. Frank-Hertz Experiment (Neon)

  36. WHAT? • Energy quantum • Electron collision • Excitation energy • HOW? • Accelerated electrons excite neon gas electrons in a tube. • The electrons in neon at upper states de-excite in such a way as to produce a visible glow in the gas. • WHY? • The quantization of energy states in atoms are visualized • Excitation / Scintillation is one principle of measurement in detection

  37. Electron Positron Spectroscopy

  38. WHAT? • - - decay • + - decay • Positron • Neutrino • Resting energy • Decay energy • Relativistic Lorentz equation

  39. HOW? • -radiation of unstable nuclei is selected on the basis of its pulses in a magnetic transverse field using a diaphragm system. • The relationship between coil current and particle energy is determined for calibration of the spectrometer. • And the decay energy of -transition is obtained in each case from the - -spectra. • WHY? • Resting and decay energy are important properties of particles • Spectroscopy is an important analytical method

  40. Cost • Leybold Didactic Swiss-75,000chf • Minus 10% discount-67,000chf • Minus duplicates-59,000chf • Phywe bid-113,000euros • Room to negotiate • Other sources of economy???

  41. Electron Spin Resonance

  42. What? • Magnus Effect/Magnetic Fields/Rotational mechanics • Resonance/Spin Resonance • How? • The magnetic moments align in the permanent magnetic field. • The perpendicular alternating field creates excitation which results in the electrons absorbing energy then releasing it when it goes back to its ground state. • Why? • This will help students see how electron spin is used in medicine and materials.

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