THE CIVIL WAR PART I: APRIL 1861 – DECEMBER 1862

1. THE CIVIL WARPART I: APRIL 1861 – DECEMBER 1862 EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA

2. FRQ PROMPT • With respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. • To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison?

3. DBQ PROMPT In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution?

4. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • NARROW (THIS LESSON): • HOW AND WHY DID THE UNION WIN THE CIVIL WAR? • WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR? • BROAD: • WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF U.S. NATIONALISM AND EXCEPTIONALISM? • HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME A “SUPERPOWER”?

5. BACKGROUND/ REVIEW • CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR (OF SOUTHERN SECESSION): • FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE: STATE SOVEREIGNTY • PLAYED OUT OVER TWO SPECIFIC ISSUES: TARIFFS AND SLAVERY – BOTH WERE CAUSES OF SECESSION • ELECTION OF 1860 - REPUBLICANS GAINED WHITE HOUSE AND 2/3 MAJORITY OF BOTH HOUSED OF CONGRESS  SECESSION

6. ELECTION OF 1860: THE CANDIDATES (LINCOLN, DOUGLAS, BRECKINRIDGE) TEAR THE COUNTRY APART)

7. BOTH TARIFF AND SLAVERY ISSUES LED TO SECESSION: • TARIFF: ELECTION OF 1860 MADE PASSAGE OF MORILL TARIFF CERTAIN • SLAVERY: • ELECTION AND HOMESTEAD ACT MADE IT POSSIBLE THAT EVENTUALLY A CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BANNING SLAVERY WOULD EVENTUALLY PASS CONGRESS AND BE RATIFIED BY ¾ OF STATES • ELECTION ALSO MADE IT CERTAIN THAT SOUTH COULD NOT BE ABLE TO EXPAND INTO CUBA AND CENTRAL AMERICA IF IT REMAINED IN THE UNION (SOUTH NEEDED MORE COTTON LAND) • * COTTON QUICKLY WORE OUT LAND

8. SSECESSION MAP

9. ANOTHER VIEW OF SECESSION: SHOWS DIVISIONS WITHIN SOUTH OVER SECESSION

10. THE DIVIDED SOUTH (BE SURE TO READ “THE SOUTH’S INNER CIVIL WAR) – FROM 1860 LETTER OF SOUTH CAROLINA CONGRESSMAN ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS (WHO WOULD LATER BECOME VICE PRESIDENT OF THE CSA): • “The seceders intended from the beginning to rule or ruin; and when they find they cannot rule, they will then ruin. They have about enough power for this purpose; not much more; and I doubt not but they will use it. Envy, hate, jealousy, spite … will make devils of men. The secession movement was instigated by nothing but bad passions.” • N.B. MANY SOUTHERNERS WHO OPPOSED SECESSION, INCLUDING ROBERT E. LEE, NONETHELESS SUPPORTED THE CSA BECAUSE AT THE TIME MANY PEOPLE WERE MORE LOYAL TO STATES THAN TO THE U.S.!

11. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA (EST. FEB. 4, 1861) • PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS • CONSTITUTION: MODELED ON U.S. CONSTITUTION BUT ALLOWED SLAVERY AND EXPANSION TO NEW TERRITORY AND BANNED PROTECTIVE TARIFFS (SEE FOLLOWING SLIDES) • ALL SECEDING STATES EVENTUALLY JOINED CSA: BUT • N.B. BORDER SLAVE STATES (MARYLAND, DELAWARE, KENTUCKY, MISSOURI AND NEW STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA DID NOT SECEDE – • LINCOLN NEEDED THEM!)

13. The Confederate Seal MOTTO = “With God As Our Vindicator”

14. Lincoln/Davis LLINCOLN V. DAVIS vs • Born in Kentucky • Self-educated • Congressmen from Illinois • Abolitionist • Minority president (ONLY OF NORTHERN AND BORDER STATES) • Born in Kentucky • GRADUATE OF WEST POINT • MEXICAN WAR VET • Served as U.S. Secretary of War, SECRETARY OF STATE, SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI • SLAVEOWNER • PRESIDENT OF CSA

17. WHY THE NORTH (UNION) FOUGHT THE CIVIL WAR: • AT FIRST, ONLY TO KEEP UNION TOGETHER, NOT TO ABOLISH SLAVERY • IN FIRST INAUGURAL, LINCOLN PLEDGED NOT TO SEEK ABOLITION OF SOUTHERN SLAVERY • CRITTENDEN-JOHNSON RESOLUTION (PASSED BY CONGRESS DECEMBER 1861, AFTER FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN): NORTH FIGHTING ONLY TO KEEP UNION TOGETHER, WOULD NOT ABOLISH SLAVERY IN THE SOUTH. • * THAT’S JUST ONE COMPROMISE EFFORT. LINCOLN TRIED HARD TO NEGOTIATE A COMPROMISE TO BRING THE SOUTH BACK INTO THE UNION.

18. LINCOLN’S AUGUST 1862 LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY: • “IIF I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” • WHAT WAS HIS POSITION ON SLAVERY? • NOT AS IMPORTANT AS PRESERVING THE UNION.

19. CIVIL WAR OVERVIEW • EFFECTS: • FEDERAL SOVEREIGNTY (THIS WAS ACCEPTED AFTER WAR BUT CONSTITUTION WAS NOT AMENDED IN ANY WAY RELEVANT TO THIS!) • SLAVERY AND INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE ABOLISHED (BUT NO EQUALITY OR LASTING CIVIL RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS) • LEGAL: SUPREME COURT DECISIONS ESTABLISHED THAT EVEN DURING WARTIME PRESIDENT MUST FOLLOW THE CONSTITUTION

20. GENDER RELATIONS: NURSING BECAME ACCEPTABLE PROFESSION FOR WOMEN • RECONSTRUCTION – MILITARY OCCUPATION OF SOUTH UNTIL 1877  LINGERING N/S HOSTILITY • MOST DEADLY WAR IN U.S. HISTORY AND IT WAS, OFTEN LITERALLY, BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER. WAS IT WORTH IT? YOU DECIDE . . . BUT COULD U.S. HAVE BECOME A SUPERPOWER IF IT WASN’T UNITED?

21. CIVIL WAR – RELATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SIDES

22. RELATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES – NORTH AND SOUTH: SOUTH WOULD HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST NATIONS IN THE WORLD, AND HAD HOPES OF EXPANDING INTO CARIBBEAN AND CENTRAL AMERICA • BUT MILITARILY, SOUTH HAD MANY DISADVANTAGES, INCLUDING LACK OF RAILROADS, WHITE MEN, AND FOOD CROPS, AS THE FOLLOWING CHARTS SHOW • IT WASN’T A CAKEWALK FOR THE NORTH, THOUGH!

23. NORTH V. SOUTH, 1861

24. NORTH V. SOUTH, RAILROAD LINES 1861 N.B. THAT SOUTHERN RAILROADS LACKED STANDARD GAUGE – COULD NOT CONNECT CRITICAL DISADVANTAGE – CIVIL WAR WAS FIRST “INDUSTRIAL” WAR – MASS MOVEMENTS OF TROOPS BY RAIL, ALSO MOVEMENT OF LARGE ARTILLERY, MATERIEL, ETC.

25. NORTH V. SOUTH, 1861

26. RESOURCES, NORTH V. SOUTH, 1861 – 65 (WITH FEW FACTORIES, SOUTH COULD NOT MAKE MUNITIONS, UNIFORMS, ETC., HAD TO RELY ON IMPORTS )

27. MEN PRESENT FOR DUTY, 1862 –1865

28. SO WHY DID THE SOUTH THINK IT COULD WIN? • SOUTH ONLY HAD TO DEFEND ITS TERRITORY (THOUGH IT TRIED TO TAKE D.C. TO WIN WAR) BUT NORTH HAD TO CONQUER THE SOUTH • BETTER GENERALS? MAYBE! THE SOUTH HAD ROBERT E. LEE! • IT HOPED BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) WOULD ENTER THE WAR ON ITS SIDE – NOT A CRAZY IDEA! • RECALL MOST SOUTHERN COTTON WENT TO BRITAIN • RECALL BRITAIN HAD SUPPORTED REPUBLIC OF TEXAS – LIKED IDEA OF TARIFF-FREE COTTON-PRODUCING COUNTRY

29. 1862 – SOUTH DESTROYED TONS OF COTTON TO INDUCE “COTTON FAMINE” IN BRITAIN (CLOSURE OF TEXTILE MILLS, UNEMPLOYMENT) TO COERCE BRITISH SUPPORT • NORTHERN RESPONSE = CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS FOR UNEMPLOYED BRITISH WORKERS • BRITAIN UNWILLING TO GET INVOLVED UNLESS SOUTH WON MAJOR BATTLE INDICATING LIKELY VICTORY, FRANCE UNWILLING TO GET INVOLVED UNLESS BRITAIN DID • SOUTH NEVER WON THAT MAJOR BATTLE (NONETHELESS IT TOOK FOUR YEARS FOR UNION TO DEFEAT SOUTH) • BUT BRITAIN ALLOW BRITISH SHIPYARFS TO SUPPLY SOUTH WITH “COMMERCE RAIDERS” AND “LAIRD RAMS” (BATTLESHIPS)

30. UNION GENERALS-IN-CHIEF – LINCOLN KEPT FIRING THEM! 1 1ST 3RD 5TH Ambrose Burnside DIDN’T WANT THE JOB, DIDN’T WIN George Meade WON AT GETTYSBURG BUT NOT AGGRESSIVE ENOUGH FOR LINCOLN Winfield Scott TOO OLD 2ND 4TH 6TH George McClellan TWICE! FIRED, THEN REHIRED. DIDN’T GET ALONG WITH LINCOLN, NOT AGGRESSIVE ENOUGH FOR LINCOLN Ulysses S. Grant Joseph Hooker DIDN’T WANT THE JOB, DIDN’T WIN ULYSSES S. GRANT ALCOHOLIC BUT WON BIG IN WEST, WON WAR!

31. CONFEDERATE GENERALS • ROBERT E. LEE, COMMANDING GENERAL FROM 1862 TO THE END • SON OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR GENERAL “LIGHT HORSE” HARRY LEE • WEST POINT GRADUATE, SECOND IN CLASS (GRANT WAS AT BOTTOM OF CLASS) • CAREER OFFICER IN U..S ARMY – MEXICAN WAR, DEFEATED JOHN BROWN’S MILITIA AT HARPER’S FERRY • LINCOLN’S FIRST CHOICE AS UNION GENERAL-IN-CHIEF -- BUT LEE FELT MORE LOYALTY TO VIRGINIA (THOUGH HE HAD OPPOSED SECESSION)

32. GENERALS SERVING UNDER LEE THOMAS “STONEWALL” JACKSON, P.G.T. BEAUREGARD, GEORGE PICKETT, JAMES LONGSTREET, NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST, AND JEB STUART JACKSON, LEE’S FAVORITE, WAS KILLED BY FRIENDLY FIRE AT CHANCELLORSVILLE, 1863

33. 1861 - 1862

34. INITIAL STRATEGIES • NORTH: SCOTT’S ANACONDA PLAN – ATLANTIC BLOCKADE + TAKE CONTROL OF MISSISSIPPI – CUT SOUTH OFF FROM TRADE AND FORCE SURRENDER (PLAN WORKED, EXCEPT SOUTH WOULDN’T SURRENDER!)

35. SOUTH: “OFFENSIVE DEFENSE” -- ENCIRCLE D.C. TO DIVERT UNION FORCES, FORCE UNION TO GIVE UP AND LEAVE SOUTH ALONE • MAP SHOWS INITIAL STRATEGIES • N.B. LINCOLN ORDERED THE BLOCKADE AND CALLED UP THE ARMY WITHOUT PRIOR CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORIZATION) BUT CONGRESS LATER APPROVED

36. Notes 2 MAJOR BATTLES, 1861 - 1862 -- SUMMARY • Western Theater Eastern theater Summary: CSA Defeating USA because of General Lee (DEFEAT IN SENSE THAT NORTH WAS MAINLY ON DEFENSIVE) Summary: USA defeating CSA because of General Grant CAPITOLS OF BOTH U.S.A. (D.C.) AND C.S.A. (RICHMOND) WERE IN EAST SO VICTORY THERE WAS ESSENTIAL

37. MAJOR BATTLES, EASTERN THEATER, 1861 -62: • FORT SUMTER, APRIL 12, 1861 – SOUTH CAROLINA MILITIA DROVE FEDERAL TROOPS OUT OF FT. SUMTER, CHARLESTON • SIGNIFICANCE: NOT REALLY A MAJOR BATTLE, BUT SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT LED TO SECESSION OF UPPER (“OLD SOUTH”) STATES (BUT NOT BORDER STATES) • WHY? LINCOLN CALLED ON ALL STATES TO PROVIDE TROOPS – OLD SOUTH STATES NOT EAGER TO SECEDE, BUT UNWILLING TO SEND TROOPS TO FIGHT OTHER SOUTHERNERS

38. FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN (MANASSAS), JULY 21, 1861 UNION TROOPS UNDER ATTACK MANASSAS (RR TERMINAL) – DEFEATED BY CONFEDERATE TROOPS • SIGNIFICANCE = FIRST REAL BATTLE, CONFEDERATE VICTORY – BUT STILL UNION HOPED TO AVOID WAR: CRITTENDEN-JOHNSON RESOLUTION PASSED DECEMBER 1861. APRIL 1862, ALSO LAW PROMISING TO COMPENSATE SLAVEOWNERS WHO FREED SLAVES

39. MCCLELLAN’S PENINSULA CAMPAIGN, MARCH 17 – JULY 1, 1862 • PLAN – AMPHIBIOUS LANDING ON YORKTOWN PENINSULA, CONQUER RICHMOND (CSA CAPITOL), QUICK END TO WAR

40. BATTLE OF SEVEN PINES, MAY 31, 1862 – BOTH SIDES CLAIMED VICTORY – ROUGHLY EQUAL CASUALTIES (UNION 5031 = 790 killed, 3,594 wounded, 647 captured or missing; Confederate 6,134 = 980 killed, 4,749 wounded, 405 captured or missing) – BUT MCCLELLAN PULLED BACK • SEVEN DAYS’ BATTLE, JUNE 25 – JULY 1, 1862 – CONFEDERATE COUNTERATTACK (UNDER LEE) • SIGNIFICANCE • NOW CLEAR THAT THERE WOULD BE A REAL WAR – SOUTH WOULD FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE = “TOTAL WAR” NECESSARY • AND NOW SOUTH SEIZED INITIATIVE AND LAUNCHED “OFFENSIVE DEFENSE” – ATTACK ON NORTH

42. MAP SHOWS PROGRESS OF LEE’S NORTHERN VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN UP TO SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN – NOTE CSA PROGRESS TOWARD D.C.!

43. SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN, AUGUST 28 – 30, 1862 • CULMINATION OF LEE’S NORTHERN VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN - SUCCESSFUL CONFEDERATE ATTACK AGAINST UNION RAIL DEPOT AT MANASSAS – UNION FORCES UNDER GENERAL JOHN POPE FORCED TO RETREAT TO CENTERVILLE, VA. (SEE MAP PREDECING PAGE) • CONFEDERATE ARMY WITHIN 35 MILES OF D.C. NOTE THAT SOUTH HAD SLIGHTLY HIGHER CASUALTY RATE – AND SOUTH COULD NOT AFFORD AS WELL AS NORTH (FEWER WHITE MEN IN SOUTH)

45. PROPAGANDA: 1862 CURRIER AND IVES PRINT CELEBRATING UNION “VICTORY” AT SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN

46. ANTIETAM (SHARPSBURG, MD., SEPTEMBER 17, 1862 • BLOODIEST BATTLE IN U.S. – 23,000 CASUALTIES AND LOSSES • FIRST MAJOR BATTLE IN NORTH • MORE OF LEE’S OFFENSIVE DEFENSE – HE CROSSED INTO MARYLAND • MCCLELLAN DROVE LEE’S FORCES BACK INTO VIRGINIA – BUT DID NOT PURSUE AND DESTROY (SO LINCOLN FIRED HIM) • IT WAS REALLY A DRAW, BECAUSE LEE WAS FREE TO ATTACK NORTH AGAIN, BUT LINCOLN REGARDED IT AS ENOUGH OF A VICTORY TO ISSUE THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

47. ANTIETAM BATTLE MAP

48. ANTIETAM

49. ANTIETAM

50. CASUALTIES AND LOSSES AT ANTIETAM NOTE AGAIN SOUTH’S HIGHER CASUALTY/ LOSS RATE (DESPITE LOWER TOTAL) – SOUTH LESS ABLE TO AFFORD TROOP LOSSES!