Energy conservation Economic – Increased property values Beauty Wildlife/ecological benefits

1. Energy conservation • Economic – Increased property values • Beauty • Wildlife/ecological benefits • Carbon sequestration • Noise abatement • Urban hydrology • Psychological/societal values • Climate modification (especially cooling and wind) • Tourism • Mitigation from hurricane-force winds – with a healthy urban forest Considerations for a Healthy Urban Forest Benefits of the Urban Forest Tropical/Subtropical Trees Establishing New Trees • Plant a mixture of species, ages, and layers (shrubs, trees) • Plant trees from “Medium-High” and “Highest” Wind Resistance lists • Match to your local conditions • Give trees adequate rooting space with no obstructions (sidewalk, house, etc) • Small trees – at least 10’ x 10’ • Large trees – at least 30’ x 30’ • Consider planting groups of trees (at least 5 trees) • Consider soil properties when deciding what to plant (e.g. soil depth, high water table, compaction) • Give trees adequate aerial space considering their crown size Managing Established Trees • Consult with a certified arborist • Have tree health evaluated – remove hazard trees • Consider removing trees that are on the “Lowest Wind Resistance” list if they are over-mature and endangering property or life • Prune trees (especially dicots) regularly • Do not over-prune; palms only need to have dead leaves removed • If sidewalks or trenches are installed next to a tree, be aware of root damage (and lack of anchoring) • Avoid damage to the trunk of a tree (e.g. mechanical weed control damage or piling mulch around the base) Duryea,Kampf,& Littell, UF/IFAS, November 2005 mlduryea@ufl.edu; elianak@ifas.ufl.edu

2. Tropical/Subtropical Trees Highest Wind Resistance Medium-High Wind Resistance Dicots • Annona glabra, pond apple • Calophyllum calaba, Brazilian beautyleaf • Chrysophyllum oliviforme, satinleaf • Coccoloba uvifera, sea grape • Coccoloba diversifolia, pigeon plum • Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum • Lysiloma latsiliqua, wild tamarind • Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia • Nyssa sylvatica, black tupelo • Sideroxylon foetidissimum, mastic • Simarouba glauca, paradise tree • Swietenia mahagoni, mahogany Palms • Caryota mitis, fishtail • Cocos nucifera, coconut • Neodypsis decaryi, triangle • Roystonea elata, royal • Washingtonia robusta, Washington fan Fruit Trees • Litchi chinensis, lychee Dicots • Bursera simaruba, gumbo limbo • Carya floridana, FL scrub hickory • Conocarpus erectus, buttonwood • Chrysobalanus icaco, cocoplum • Cordia sebestena, geiger tree • Eugenia axillaris, white stopper • Eugenia confusa, redberry • Eugenia foetida, boxleaf stopper • Ilex cassine, dahoon holly • Krugiodendron ferreum, ironwood • Lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle • Podocarpus spp, podocarpus • Guaiacum sanctum, lignum vitae • Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia • Quercus virginiana, live oak • Quercus geminata, sand live oak Conifers • Taxodium distichum var. distichum, baldcypress • Taxodium distichum var. nutans, pondcypress Palms • Butia capitata, pindo • Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, areca • Coccothrinax argentata, FL silver • Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, bottle • Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, spindle • Latania loddigesii, blue latan • Livistona chinensis, Chinese fan • Phoenix canariensis, Canary Island date Draft • Phoenix dactylifera, date • Phoenix reclinata, Senegal date* • Phoenix roebelenii, pygmy date • Ptychosperma elegans, Alexander • Sabal palmetto, cabbage • Thrinax morrisii, key thatch • Thrinax radiata, Florida thatch • Veitchia merrillii, Manila Duryea,Kampf,& Littell, UF/IFAS, November 2005 mlduryea@ufl.edu; elianak@ifas.ufl.edu * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS

3. Tropical/Subtropical Trees Medium-Low Wind Resistance Lowest Wind Resistance Dicots • Acer rubrum, red maple • Bauhinia blakeana, Hong-Kong orchid • Bucidas buceras, black olive • Callistemon spp, bottlebrush • Cinnamomum camphora, camphor* • Delonix regia, royal poinciana • Enterolobium cyclocarpum, ear tree • Eriobotrya japonica, loquat** • Ficus aurea, strangler fig • Kigelia pinnata, sausage tree • Eucalyptus cinera, silverdollar eucalyptus • Quercus laurifolia, laurel oak • Myrica cerifera, wax myrtle • Persea borbonia, redbay • Platanus occidentalis, sycamore • Tabebuia heterophylla, pink trumpet tree • Terminalia catappa, tropical almond Conifers • Pinus elliottii var. densa, slash pine • Pinus palustris, longleaf pine Fruit Trees • Averrhoa carambola, star-fruit, carambola • Citrus spp, oranges, limes, grapefruit • Mangifera indica, mango Dicots • Casuarina equisetifolia, Australian pine*** • Cassia fistula, golden shower • Chorisia speciosa, floss-silk tree • Ficus benjamina, weeping banyan • Grevillea robusta, silk oak • Jacaranda mimosifolia, jacaranda • Melaleuca quinquenervia, melaleuca*** • Quercus nigra, water oak • Peltophorum pterocarpa, yellow poinciana • Prunus caroliniana, Carolina laurelcherry • Sapium sebiferum, Chinese tallow*** • Spathodea campanulata, African tuliptree • Tabebuia aurea, silver trumpet tree • Ulmus parvifolia, Chinese elm Conifers • Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine • xCupressocyparis leylandii, leyland cypress • Juniperus silicicola, southern red cedar • Pinus clausa, sand pine Palms • Syagrus romanzoffiana, queen Fruit Trees • Persea americana, avocado Draft * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Caution: manage to prevent escape *** Prohibited in FL Duryea,Kampf,& Littell, UF/IFAS, November 2005 mlduryea@ufl.edu; elianak@ifas.ufl.edu