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Kingdom Protista Belong to the Division Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Belong to the Division Eukarya. Classified into 3 main groups Algae-like Protists (”Plant-like”)… are Photosynthetic autotrophs Protozoa (“Animal-like”)… are Motile Fungus-like Protists … are Decomposers….form spores and filaments. General Characteristics.

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Kingdom Protista Belong to the Division Eukarya

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  1. Kingdom ProtistaBelong to the Division Eukarya Classified into 3 main groups Algae-like Protists (”Plant-like”)… are Photosynthetic autotrophs Protozoa (“Animal-like”)… are Motile Fungus-like Protists … are Decomposers….form spores and filaments

  2. General Characteristics Unicellular, or simple Multicellular Eukaryotic… they contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The Most Diverse of Any Kingdom

  3. Evolution Arose through Endosymbiosis from early prokaryotes. Fossil records show they first appeared about 2.0 GYA

  4. Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells originated through endosymbiotic relationships between ancient prokaryotic cells. One of the Evidences: Both Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own circular forms of DNA (plasmids) and replicate independently of their host cells… they also resemble ancient forms of aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria.

  5. The Environmental Roles of the Protists • The Photosynthetic Protists produce large amounts of atmospheric Oxygen. • Plankton, Zooplankton and Phytoplankton, are the base of the aquatic food webs. • Are involved in many important symbiotic relationships.

  6. Algae-like “Plant-like” Can be unicellular or multicellular All members are photosynthetic autotrophs. All members contain chlorophyll a… many contain accessory pigments. Can be classified by colors, method of sugar storage, number of flagella and chemical composition of their cell wall. Some are Freshwater, some are Saltwater.

  7. Phylum Euglenophyta Have 1 – 3 flagella No cell wall – protein pellicle instead Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Some have eyespot for phototaxism

  8. Phylum DinoflagellataDinoflagellates Has 2 flagella – 1 posterior, 1 transverse Some are bioluminescent…they glow! Others produce toxins… Red Tide! Peridinium 400X

  9. Red Tide is the result of an algal bloom… blooms occur when there is an usually high concentration of nutrients.

  10. Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms Diatoms… cell walls are composed of SiO2 SiO2 used in the manufacturing of cleansing powders and toothpastes Produce large amounts of atmospheric Oxygen

  11. Diatom Strew (strew means “spread”)

  12. Diatoms

  13. Phylum PhaeophytaBrown Algae …kelp

  14. Laminaria Air Bladders: Used to take blades to the surface for PSN.

  15. Laminaria Blades – leaf-like structures Stipe – stem-like structures Holdfast – holds the algae in place

  16. Phylum RhodophytaRed Algae …Coralline Characterized by its phycobilins (red accessory pigments)

  17. Phylum ChlorophytaGreen Algae Ancient lineage to modern plants Contain chlorophylls a and b Have cellulose cell walls Store sugars as starch can be unicellular, filamentous, colonial or bilayered

  18. Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae Unicellular Chlamydomonas

  19. Phylum Chlorophyta Filamentous Spirogyra….spiral-shaped chloroplasts

  20. Phylum ChlorophytaFilamentous Zygnema: 2 Star-shaped chloroplasts per cell

  21. Phylum ChlorophytaColonial Volvox: Mother colony with Daughter colonies Mother Colony Daughter Colony

  22. Phylum Chlorophyta Bi-layered Ulva (sea lettuce)

  23. Animal-like Protists

  24. Phylum SarcodinaThe Amoeba in 3D

  25. The Pseudopodia of an Amoeba are used for movement

  26. Amoebae surround and engulf their food… the process is called phagocytosis.

  27. An Amoeba eating a paramecium.

  28. Phylum Ciliata: Ciliates • Use cilia for locomotion • Have mouths (cytopharynx) • Have an anus (anal pore) • Have Contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation • Have food vacuoles for storing and digestion • Have two types of nuclei • One macronuleus--- regulates cell functions • At least one micronucleus – DNA… for sexual reproduction (example: Paramecium multimicronucleatum has 8 micronuclei)

  29. The Paramecia use cilia for locomotion

  30. 3D view of a Paramecium

  31. 3D view of a Paramecium

  32. 3D view of a Paramecium cilia 4000X

  33. Sexual Reproduction Conjugation At this level of organization “sexual” reproduction simply involves the exchange of DNA…resulting (of course) with an increased diversity.

  34. Diseases Associated with Protists

  35. Phylum Sarcomastigophoracommonly known as Mastigophorans Unicellular, Parasitic and use Flagella for locomotion Giardia lamblia Trypanosoma

  36. GiardiasisGiardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by a microscopic organism (protozoa), Giardialamblia Symptoms include: Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Loss of appetite, Nausea and Vomiting. • Giardiasis can be contracted by drinking water from lakes or streams where water-dwelling mammals such as beavers, deer or domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, have caused fecal contamination. • Hikers or others who use surface water should consider all sources as potentially contaminated.

  37. African Sleeping Sickness African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) is transmitted by the tsetse fly. Within 1 week of the bite the pathogen ends up in a transformed shape in the bloodstream and the lymph glands.Eventually the pathogens end up in the heart muscle and the Central Nervous System causing coma, paralysis and heart failure. trypanosoma vector: tsetse fly

  38. Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoans) carries Plasmodium vivax…. which causes Malaria Plasmodium vivax (parasite which reproduces in the RBC’s) Vector: Anopheles mosquito Red Blood Cells RBC destruction

  39. The Life Cycle of Malaria

  40. The Effects of Malaria The general symptoms include: • headache • nausea • chills and fever • vomiting • Fatigue In malaria the fever-chill cycle occurs every third day Worldwide prevalence of the disease is estimated to be on the order of 300-500 million clinical cases each year.

  41. Protective Cysts(thick-walled structures which encase and protect dormant organisms) Forming cyst Cyst

  42. Fungus-like • “Fungus” like because they form either filaments (hyphae) or spores. They are Decomposers

  43. Phylum DictyostelidaCellular Slime mold Pseudoplasmodium composed of 1000’s of amoebae Fruiting Body The aggregation to a pseudoplasmodium is triggered by cyclic AMP

  44. Cellular Slime Mold Exhibit fungus-like characteristics (they’re decomposers and reproduce by spores) and animal-like characteristics (they’re motile) Life cycle: unicellular Slug (slime mold)

  45. Phylum Plasmodial Slime Mold Plasmodial Sporangia (spore-producing structures Large single, spreading mass Decomposers Reproduces by spores Plasmodial Slime mold

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