1 / 51

African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)

African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness). Andrea Brady Biol 062. Epidemics have killed hundreds of thousands since 1900. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html . http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/images/news/sleeping/34476.jpg.

tayte
Télécharger la présentation

African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) Andrea Brady Biol 062

  2. Epidemics have killed hundreds of thousands since 1900. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/images/news/sleeping/34476.jpg

  3. Tens of thousands continue to die each year • WHO estimated that in 2001, there were 48,000 deaths caused by sleeping sickness. www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/23/Section/3154

  4. Tens of thousands continue to die each year • WHO estimated that in 2001, there were 48,000 deaths caused by sleeping sickness. • Currently, it is estimated the number of deaths per year has increased to 50,000 or as high as 100,000. http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/23/Section/3154

  5. As many as 500,000 are currently infected. http://www.kfwh.org/information.asp

  6. Most cases are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chart from World Bank, 2006http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/23/Table/23.1

  7. How can an infectious disease be contained to such a specific region of the world?

  8. How can an infectious disease be contained to such a specific region of the world? Let’s take a closer look at how the disease is spread…

  9. Disease Transfer • The disease is caused by two parasites of the Trypanosoma Genus and brucei Species. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_sickness http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/1760532740_20189a8cdc.jpg

  10. Disease Transfer • The disease is caused by two parasites of the Trypanosoma Genus and brucei Species. • More commonly called Trypanosomes http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/1760532740_20189a8cdc.jpg

  11. Trypanosomes are protozoans. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://jcs.biologists.org/content/vol115/issue12/images/medium/joces11512cvf.gif

  12. Trypanosomes are protozoans. • (unicellular eukaryotes) • (single flagellum) http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://jcs.biologists.org/content/vol115/issue12/images/medium/joces11512cvf.gif

  13. http://www.modares.ac.ir/elearning/Dalimi/Proto/images/Lectures/fig77_1.JPGhttp://www.modares.ac.ir/elearning/Dalimi/Proto/images/Lectures/fig77_1.JPG

  14. Disease Transfer • The trypanosomes are mainly transferred by the tsetse fly, which is found primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html the tsetse fly The tsetse fly http://library.truman.edu/test/carol/Tsetse_fly.gif

  15. Areas Infested by the Tsetse Fly http://www.fao.org/ag/icons/map.gif

  16. Distribution Map for African Sleeping Sickness http://www.medicalecology.org/diseases/african_trypano/clip_image002.jpg

  17. Areas Infested by tsetse fly Distribution of the disease

  18. Trypanosoma brucei:Two different parasites • African Sleeping Sickness is caused by two different parasites. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html

  19. Trypanosoma brucei:Two different parasites • African Sleeping Sickness is caused by two different parasites. • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html

  20. Trypanosoma brucei:Two different parasites • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense • Accounts for 90% of reported cases of African Sleeping Sickness. • Causes the chronic form of the disease • Prevalent mostly in West and Central Africa. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://www.dmacc.cc.ia.us/instructors/Image11.gif

  21. Trypanosoma brucei:Two different parasites • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense • Accounts for 10% of reported cases of African Sleeping Sickness. • Causes the acute form of the disease. • Prevalent mostly in Eastern and Southern Africa. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Trypano.html http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://www.uoguelph.ca/~pwoo/fig6.jpg

  22. Method of Infection Begins with the bite of the tsetse fly http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/http://www.mimg.ucla.edu/faculty/Hill/fig2.jpg

  23. Method of Infection • The bite will become red and swollen. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/28-11-TrypanosomaLM.jpg

  24. Method of Infection • The bite will become red and swollen. • From here, the infection will enter the bloodstream. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/28-11-TrypanosomaLM.jpg

  25. Method of Infection • The bite will become red and swollen. • The infection will enter the bloodstream. • Long asymptomatic phase. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/28-11-TrypanosomaLM.jpg

  26. The disease has three distinct stages.

  27. The disease has three distinct stages. • Asymptomatic Phase • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  28. The disease has three distinct stages. • Asymptomatic Phase • First Stage (haemolymphatic phase) • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  29. The disease has three distinct stages. • Asymptomatic Phase • First Stage (haemolymphatic phase) • Second Stage (neurological phase) • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  30. First Stage • The pathogens will spread throughout the blood and the lymph. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://www.pnas.org/content/100/3/F1.medium.gif

  31. First Stage • Symptoms • Fever • Headache • Sweating • Joint Pain • Itching • Swollen Lymph Nodes • www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Winterbottom%27s_sign.jpg/200px-Winterbottom%27s_sign.jpg

  32. Second Stage • Eventually, the disease will manage to cross the blood-brain barrier.

  33. Second Stage • Eventually, the disease will manage to cross the blood-brain barrier. • This will cause an infection of the Central Nervous System • www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en

  34. Second Stage • Symptoms • Confusion • Sensory Disturbances • Poor Coordination • Disturbances of Sleep Cycles • www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en http://www.msf.org.uk/UploadedImages/e64ac496-41d9-4b8b-8cac-423baecb957f.jpg

  35. If not treated, the disease is fatal. • www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en

  36. Diagnosis and Treatment • Treatment varies depending on the stage of the disease. • www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en • http://www.sawitfirst.co.uk/media/pill_clockbig.gif

  37. Diagnosis and Treatment • The disease is easier and more effective to treat the earlier it is diagnosed. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  38. Diagnosis and Treatment • The disease is easier and more effective to treat the earlier it is diagnosed. • Much harder after the pathogens have crossed the blood-brain barrier. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  39. Diagnosis and Treatment • Four drugs are available for treatment http://www.pet-comfort-products.com/images/colorful-pills-01.gif

  40. Diagnosis and Treatment • Four drugs are available for treatment • Two available for first-stage treatment • Two available for second-stage treatment • www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ www.pet-comfort-products.com/images/colorful-pills-01.gif

  41. Diagnosis and Treatment • The two drugs available for second-stage treatment are significantly more dangerous. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  42. Diagnosis and Treatment • So, in summary, treatment during the first-stage is…

  43. Diagnosis and Treatment • So, in summary, treatment during the first-stage is… • More effective http://images.the-scientist.com/content/figures/images/yr2002/may13/iv.jpg

  44. Diagnosis and Treatment • So, in summary, treatment during the first-stage is… • More effective • Safer http://images.the-scientist.com/content/figures/images/yr2002/may13/iv.jpg

  45. Diagnosis and Treatment • Therefore, early diagnosis is imperative http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ http://www.bayerscheringpharma.de/html/images/upload/gesellschaftliches_engagement/aerztin_patient_205.jpg

  46. Like with malaria, if we could reduce the number of people with the disease, we could reduce transmissions and eventually eradicate the disease. http://www.ecdl.com/countries/images/map_africa.gif

  47. Organizations like WHO have began efforts to eliminate the risk of this disease • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  48. Organizations like WHO have began efforts to eliminate the risk of this disease • HAT programme • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/

  49. Due to lack of funds and turmoil, there are an estimated 7 nations currently at “epidemic” level for the disease. http://www.kfwh.org/information.asp

  50. Like many other infectious diseases in third world countries, much change is needed in world health policies before we can effectively eradicate African Sleeping Sickness.

More Related