Chapter 1: Geography and Development in an Era of Globalization

1. Chapter 1:Geography and Development in an Era of Globalization

2. What is Geography? • Spatial distribution of any given phenomenon World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

3. Geography Defined • Where people are located • Where activities are located • Provide a regional framework for development and underdevelopment • Geography is fundamentally the study of location • Physical features • Economic activities • Human settlement patterns • Anything else a person finds on a map • Three Questions at the Most Basic Level • What is located where? • Why are things located where they are? • What is the significance of location? World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

4. TOPONYMS • SAN JOSE • MILAN • RIO • CAIRO • GOOFY RIDGE • BUZZVILLE • WIMPYVILLE

5. MAPS & MAPPING • Cartography • Visual representation of reality • Scale

6. T & O world map World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

7. Ortelius’ World Map World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

8. Relationship with Other Disciplines • Holistic discipline • Synthesizes knowledge from many World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

9. GIS Explosion • Digital representation of earth’s surface • Can describe landscape features • Roads • Boundaries • Mountains • Rivers • Like a whole atlas in a single computer presentation • Ability to relate different pages to each other World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

10. Widening Use of GIS • Government • Track power lines • Mapping for disasters • Demographic profiles • Businesses • Locate markets • Facilitate markets • Law Enforcement • ID “hot spots” • Criminal geographic profiles • Politics • Demographic targeting • Remember Red v. Blue states? World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

11. Geography and Everyday Society • Multifaceted analytical approach lends to different kinds of work • Education • Business-related professions • Government • Helps to understand change in economy and society • Three Patterns of Change • Economic Growth and Decline • Land Use/Land Cover Change • Environmental Change World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 1 What Is Geography and Should We Care?

12. Types of Geographic Studies • O & D studies (Origin and Diffusion) • Migration patterns • Transportation studies • Population trends • Cultural Impact World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 2 Geography and Development in an Era of Globalization

13. Special Aspects of Culture • Language • Religion • Political Ideology World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 3 Nature, Society, and Development

14. What is this? World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 3 Nature, Society, and Development

15. Name this sandwich World Regional Geography (Clawson et al.) - Ch. 3 Nature, Society, and Development

16. Defining Development • More than just an economic component • One of many terms applied to processes of change, or lack of change, to describe economic and political circumstances of different countries.

17. A Tyranny of Definitions • Underdevelopment–Suggests an absence of characteristics associated with modern economies and societies • Less developed countries • Avoids negative connotations • More benign/clinical term • Assumptions • Predominantly drawn from Western, North American/European ideas–May not work everywhere. • Processes of change are not necessarily synonymous with economic growth. • Sustainable in the dual sense that changes in human welfare should not harm future generations • Particular sensitivity to environmental concerns • Four components • People • Natural environment • Culture rules • History remains.

18. Human Transitions & Development Processes • Revolutions • Change that occurs rapidly and massively. • Leads to a fundamental transformation of society to its core • Ramifications • Economic • Political • Social

19. Agricultural Revolution • How land is tilled and food is produced • Surpluses • Producing more than consumption • Not everyone needs to be involved in food gathering. • Partially led to rise of towns and cities. • 17th century Europe • Technological • Process • 20th century • Mechanization • Ended the family farm as dominant • Gave rise to the corporate-owned farm.

20. Industrial Revolution • Mid-18th century • Fundamentally, a shift in the way goods were made • Factories • Machinery replaced muscle power. • Inanimate energy replaced animate energy. • Mass production • Volume production • Didn’t happen everywhere. • Europe and North America • Japan, elsewhere later • Led to other revolutions • Transportation • Labor displacement

21. Information Revolution • How information is produced, stored, accessed, and applied • Two broad drivers • Microprocessors • Telecommunications • Both good and bad impacts • More information • “Super-empowered angry people” (Friedman) • Impact on development • Will the cost advantages of digital technology to corporations help or hurt employees in developing countries? • Cost–benefit of location decisions–Wrapped up in globalization

22. Where Does Population Change Fit in? • Dynamic behavior of human populations produce some of the most pronounced and enduring transformations. • Global population patterns • Predominantly now an urban world • Urban growth is growing exponentially in the global South.

23. Distribution and Density of Population • Indicators • Population distribution–Spatial distribution of people • Population density–The number of people per unit area • Physiologic density–The number of people per square mile of arable (farmable) land • Show strong similarities with the past • Dense population • Indian subcontinent • Eastern China and adjacent areas • Europe–Predominantly urban • Indonesia, Maya Peninsula, Japan, the Philippines, and parts of the Middle East–Pockets of density • Parts of urban areas of Latin America–Locally dense areas

24. Demographic Transformation Theory • Based on Europe’s transformation • May not be generalized.

25. Population Growth: Stages 1 and 2 • State 1–Agrarian society with high birth and death rates becomes stable and population slowly grows. • Stage 2–While cultural customs and birth rates remain high, death rates decline.

26. Population Growth: Stages 3 and 4 • Stage 3–Continued urbanization, industrialization, and other economic trends started from Stage 2 • Birth rates decline. • Better access to birth control and family planning • Procreation not always seen as a positive in cities. • Rapid population growth • Better sanitation • Better medical treatment • Greater productivity • Industrialization • Labor specialization • Urbanity • Stage 4–Rapid population growth rates • Birth rates low • Death rates low • Urbanized population • Educated populace • Population density typically quite high

27. Malthusian Theory • Two promises • Humans tends to reproduce prolifically/geometrically. • The capacity to produce food and fiber expands more slowly, that is, arithmetically. Therefore, population will eventually exceed food supply unless population growth is checked. • Three stages • Stage 1–Human needs are not as great as production capacity. • Stage 2–Production capacity and increased human needs are roughly equal. • Stage 3–Population has grown to the point where its needs can no longer be met. • Assumptions • Malthus assumed that people would reject birth control on moral grounds. • He could not foresee the impact of the industrial revolution.

28. Malthusian Theory (Continued)

29. Population Development in Economically Developed & Developing Regions: 1750–2100

30. What Is Globalization? • A growing integration and interdependence of world communities through a vast network of trade and communication • Associated with a wide range of technological, cultural, and economic outcomes affecting our daily lives • Not a new phenomenon • Response to two major forces • Technology change • Global capitalism • Free markets • Rule of law

31. Major Players • Transnational corporations (TNCs) • Countries • Laborers • Consumers • Regulatory organizations and civil movements

32. Typical Criticism • Leads to “homogenization” • Denies place and history • Widens a divide between “haves” and “have-nots” • Doesn’t always lead to development • Leads to widening policy problems

33. Does Not Necessarily Mean Homogenization • Local cultures tend to “domesticate”, “indigenize”, or “tame” imported consumer culture–giving it a local flavor. • Many countries promote a consumer nationalism that encourages local goods over “foreign” goods. • Still, some “homogenizing” occurs–perhaps in a transnational, postmodern, or postnationalist culture.

34. Place and History Still Matter • Technology has changed the meaning of distance between places. • Functional proximity may be more important to people than physical proximity. • Not “the end of history” (Fukuyama), but “the return of history and the end of dreams” (Kagan).

35. Vignettes of Globalization

36. Winners • World cities • Centers of finance • Corporate decision-making • Creativity • Consumers–Pay less for goods • Workers in the postindustrial classes– “transnational capitalist class” • Globe-trotting executives • Citizens of the world as well as their own countries • Countries that transform their low-wage economies into targets for industries that are higher wage

37. Losers • People who lose jobs due to economic transformation • Poor • Cannot afford to take advantage • Reside in terrible infrastructure • Migrants • Economically marginalized • Not uniformly accepted elsewhere • Isn’t this culturally relative?

38. Nature, Society, and Development • Two principal factors affect the level of living in an area • Physical environment • Political, environmental, economic, and social systems in place • First concern of people is with provision of food. • Land modification–Altering land to support societal and cultural needs

39. How Places Are Classified Environmentally • Ecosystems • Intricately interconnected elements • Produce corresponding variations in other components • Understanding forces in the natural world is extremely important. • Foundation upon which human livelihood and survival depends • Humankind’s pressure on the natural world intensifies whenever economic development works to accentuate/accelerate processes.

40. Climate • Affects ability to produce food and industrial crops required by humans • Two important elements • Temperature • Precipitation • Average annual precipitation • Tropics • Middle latitudes • Evatranspiration rate • Evaporation and plant transpiration as a result of high temperatures. • Plant growth is limited. • Frost-free period • Length of time is important. • Other controls of climate • Latitude • Marine exposure • Prevailing winds • Atmospheric pressure systems • Elevation

41. Vegetation • Closely associated with climate • Cold climate • Little woody vegetation • Growing season short/subsoil permanently frozen • Natural vegetation • What would be expected in an area if vegetation succession were allowed to proceed over a long period without human interference? • Greatly altered by humankind • Attitudes toward natural vegetation has begun to change dramatically. • Increasingly mindful that vegetation is significant in many aspects of life • Related to other components of life, such as soil and air • Forest vegetation especially becoming more mindful with greater amounts of lumber and paper consumed

42. World Mean Annual Precipitation

43. Climatic Regions of the World

44. Characteristics of World Climate Types

45. Soils • Nutrients derived both from minerals in the earth and from humus–organic materials added to the soil by vegetation • Processes • Laterization • Podzolization • Alluvium • Sand Ridge State Forest

46. Laterization • Laterization • Process by which infertile soils are formed in the humid tropics • Plentiful rainfall leaches the soil; dissolves important minerals from the soil. • Decomposed organic material is only available if trees and other plant remains drop their leaves and branches on the forest floor.

47. Podzolization • Occurs in high latitudes characterized by cold, humid climates where seasonal temperatures are distinctive • Normal leaching restricted

48. World Vegetation Regions

49. Soil Degradation • Three kinds • Soil erosion–Closely associated with loss of protective vegetative cover as a result of deforestation • Salinization–Excessive build up of salts and minerals • Chemical contamination • Agricultural insecticides and herbicides • Chemical fertilizers • Sprays to control plant diseases

50. Water Impacts • Alluvium–Soil transported and deposited by water. • Loess–Soil transported and deposited by wind.