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ANNEX 14: AERODROMES Part II

ANNEX 14: AERODROMES Part II. Aviation Management College Airport Management Ms. Zuliana Ismail. ANNEX 14 Chapter 4. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces. 2. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS). 3. Defined by ICAO Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known as ‘imaginary surfaces’ . WHY ??

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ANNEX 14: AERODROMES Part II

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  1. ANNEX 14:AERODROMESPart II Aviation Management CollegeAirport Management Ms. Zuliana Ismail

  2. ANNEX 14Chapter 4 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces 2

  3. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) 3 • Defined by ICAO • Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known as ‘imaginary surfaces’. WHY ?? • To ensure the safety of operations in the airspace around aerodromes • (area must free of obstacle, prevent the growth of obstacles)

  4. HOW ?? • ICAO define the maximum allowable height of any structures that can be placed in the area surrounding the runway. • height of buildings, antennas, trees

  5. 5

  6. OLS defined by ICAO • Inner horizontal surface • Conical surface • Approach surface • Transitional surface • Takeoff climb surface

  7. OLS defined by ICAO (Top View) (Side View)

  8. 1. Inner horizontal surface 8 A surface located above an aerodrome and its surrounding area. Normally be in circle. Radius depends on the type of runway. The height is 45m. The purpose is to protect airspace for visual circling prior to landing.

  9. 2. Conical surface 3. Approach surface • Approach surface: Protects the approach to the runway from obstructions. • Inner approach surface: Protects the part of the approach closest to the runway threshold. 9 A surface sloping upwards from the outer edge of the inner hori­zontal surface.

  10. 4. Transitional surfaces 5. Takeoff climb surface To prevent obstructions to the paths of departing aircraft near a runway. 10 Located on either side of the runway. Protect the area near the runway.

  11. Dimensions of OLS-Approach Runways

  12. ANNEX 14- Chapter 5-7 Visual Aids for Navigation

  13. Airport Markings Airport Lighting: Runway & Taxiway Airport Signs Annex 14- Visual Aids

  14. Objectives • Be familiar with airport lighting, signage and markings. • Describe the various navigational aids that exist on aerodromes.

  15. Airport Markings

  16. Importance of Airport markings • To provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing. • To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.

  17. Runway Markings Precision Runway (P) Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Aiming point Touchdown zone Designators Threshold 17 Non-Precision Runway (NP)

  18. Runway Markings 18 Runway Designators: Magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings. Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.

  19. Taxiway Markings Taxiway Centerline 19 All taxiways should have centerline markings. Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line

  20. Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway (location or direction) Surface Painted Signs

  21. Taxiway Markings Geographic Position Markings: to identify the location of taxiing aircraft during low visibility operations.

  22. Airport Signs

  23. To show mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination in the aerodrome. Characteristics of signs: Clear Rectangular Different colours for each category Illuminated (light up) Importance of the Signs

  24. Airport Signs Runway distance remaining signs: Landing distance remaining Destination signs: To show direction to the specific destinations (cargo areas, military areas, international areas, etc.) Location signs: To identify aircraft location. Direction signs: To indicate the intersection for aircraft turning. Mandatory signs: To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED to enter (runway entrance & critical areas)

  25. Airport Signs 1. Mandatory signs 2. Location signs

  26. Airport Signs 3. Direction signs 4. Destination signs 5. Runway distance remaining signs Sign Indicating 3,000 feet of Runway Remaining

  27. Airport Lighting

  28. Importance of Lighting Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather. Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfall Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.

  29. Runway Lighting Summary

  30. Airport Beacon Function: to guide pilot flying to airport at night.

  31. Thresholds Light • Appear green for a/c landing • and red a/c take-off Runway Center line Light Runway Edge Lighting • Runway Touch Down Zone Light • Give depth view of the runway • 3. Approach Light • Warning light, which a/c should not land yet • 2. Cross Bar Light • Indicate a/c wings status Approach Lighting System (ALS) 1. Sequence Light To guide the pilot’s eyes toward the runway centerline

  32. Runway Lighting Lighting systems from the cockpit window • Runway Edge Lighting: • White • Turn Yellow in last 610m • Runway Center line Light System : • White • Alternate white and red in last 610 m • Red in last 310m Why the lighting colour change? The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used.

  33. Taxiway Lighting Taxiway centre line: green Taxiway edge lights: blue

  34. Visual Approach Slope Indicators (VASI) Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) • Visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night. Function: To assist pilot with visual guidance during an aircraft landing by indicate the pilot’s angle of approach.

  35. Weather Information

  36. Importance • To prevent aircraft accidents. • To avoid flight delay or cancellations.

  37. Types of Bad Weather • Poor visibility due to haze & smoke • Wind shear :- sudden change in the wind speed & direction • Icing: Heavy Snow • Thunderstorms

  38. Airport Weather Stations Automated Sensor Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) AutomatedSurface Observing Systems (ASOS) Every 1 hour Observe weather conditions change rapidly. Current weather, icing, lightning,, air pressure. • Every 20 minutes • Observes temperature, wind speed & direction, visibility, cloud coverage. • Can’t observe sudden weather change.

  39. Wind Indicators

  40. Wind Indicators Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and take off Wind Sock Wind Tee To Indicate wind direction only. To suggest the pilot the runway to be used • To Indicate wind direction & speed. • The stronger the wind, the straighter the wind sock. • Move back and forth when the wind is gusty (angin ribut)

  41. Navigational Aid Systems

  42. Navigational Aid Systems Civilian Airports Military Purpose Long Range Navigation (LORAN) Short Range Navigation (SHORAN) Tactical Air Navigation Systems (TACAN) • Doppler VHF Omni directional Range Station (VOR) • Distance measuring equipment (DME) • Instrument Landing System: • Glide slope/ Glide Path • Localizer • Marker Beacon

  43. DVOR / DME • VOR and DME are usually collocated, providing pilot with bearing and distance. • DVOR: bearing of aircraft (in degrees) • DME: distance from aircraft (in miles or km) Slant range= Distance, D, is the actual distance from the aircraft to the VOR Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR)

  44. ILS Components Marker Beacons: how far the aircraft Needle indicates direction of runway. Centered Needle = Correct Alignment Localizer: horizontal guidance Glide Path: vertical guidance

  45. ILS Operations

  46. Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) • Introduced in 1970s to replace ILS, but discontinued in 1995. GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) To take advantage of the GPS system. Quick data transferring among LAAS, Aircraft and GPS satellites

  47. GPS: Global Positioning System • 24 satellites • 4 satellites in each 6 orbits. • Provide location and time info. • Control by U.S military

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