College English Reading Course Book III

1. College English Reading Course Book III Unit One

2. Reading Skills:Getting the Main Ideas --- Skimming • What is skimming? To skim milk, you take the cream, the richest part, off the top of the bottle. To skim reading material, you extract the important parts --- that is, the main part and the significant details; but you have to extract these where you find them, which are not necessarily at the top. Skimming, then, is getting the essence of material without reading all of it.

3. Difference between skimming and normal reading: While skimming leaves out some parts of the reading matter, the reader would usually omit no part at all in normal reading. • Difference between skimming and scanning: Skimming differs from scanning in that it is an effort to get general information rather than specific facts.

4. How fast a skimming speed should be? It may be difficult to say exactly, but our practical experience is that skimming speed should be twice as fast as the normal reading speed or better.

5. Three skimming methods --- preview, overview and review, each with its own special uses and techniques. 1. Preview Skimming Preview skimming involves dealing with the material before it is read. The purpose is to find out what the material is about, what kind of facts are presented, how it is organized, and what approach will be most effective if it is to be studied later.

6. 2. Overview Skimming Overview skimming is the type of skimming to be used when you have a lot of material to read and don't have time to read it all. In this form of skimming, you are trying to get as much information as you can in one exposure. You are interested in getting the main idea and the significant facts rather than discovering the organization and the style.

7. 3. Review Skimming Review skimming is done on material that has already been read. The purpose is usually to refresh your memory. Often the reason is to prepare for a test. A good time to do this review skimming is while you are waiting for things to get started at the beginning of a class period. It gets you in the mood for the topic and refreshes your memory of the background material.

8. Steps to follow in skimming: As you begin to skim a passage, you should read the first paragraph at normal speed all the way through. The opening paragraph often contains an introduction or overview of what will be talked about. Then from the second paragraph on, you only read as much of each paragraph as you have to in order to discover whether it contains a main idea or any important details. You skip over the parts which are non-essential to you until you reach the ending paragraphs which you should read more fully because they often contain a summary.

9. Ask 6 questions to help you summarize the main ideas while skimming. 5 Ws & 1 H: who, what, where, when why and how Exercise Now practice skimming Text 1 and try to • answer correctly the 6 questions above; • summary the key message of the text. (Animals and plant are nature’s vulnerable treasures and they are better friend to the little girl than the young man)

10. Text 1. A White HeronI. Information Related to the Text Author: Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909): • 美国乡土文学女作家American writer noted for novels and stories concerning the simple lives of the country people in her native Maine. • Her stories show her love of nature as well as human nature. 萨拉·奥恩·朱厄特

11. Her finest work: The Country of the Pointed Firs 《尖尖的枞树之乡》(1896)

12. II. General Comprehension of the Text • 1) What kind of character Sylvia is? What about her grandmother? What kind of life do they live? • 2) What kind of character the young man is? What was he doing in the forest? 《白鹭》

13. 3) What conflict did Sylvia experience in the story? Explain her complicated feelings. • 4) Why did Sylvia choose not to tell the young man what she had found? • 5) Sylvia “could’t understand why he killed and stuffed the birds he liked so much.” Explain her feelings for the birds in comparison to the young man’s feelings. • 6) Do you think Sylvia should have helped the young man? Why, or why not?

14. Band 4 Vocabulary halloa=hallo stuff pine company slip 更高要求词汇 toad Useful Phrases a good ways speak up Dear me as a dog loves III. Vocabulary

15. milk the cow (L34) • make oneself at home (L34) • put out a hand to sb. (L115) • give its life away (L120) 泄露, 出卖背叛放弃放弃(机会); 牺牲 • riches (L128) (pl.)有价值的或珍贵的财产,丰富的财产;财富, 财宝;

16. IV. Difficult language points in the text • 1. Sylvia felt a part of the gray shadows and the moving leaves. (Line 5) felt a part: felt to be part of • 2. But she said her name, and dropped her head like a broken flower. (Line 21) dropped: lowered • 3. "You might do better if you went out to the road a mile away ..." (Line 32) do better: have more success

17. 4. Sylvy, step round, and set a plate for the gentleman! (Line 35) step round: hurry up • 5. If she climbed it early in the morning, she could see the whole world. (Line 72) the whole world: for miles • 6. Sylvia's face shone like a star ... (Line 87) like a star: happily

18. V. Key to exercises • I. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A • II. (见备注)

19. Text 2. The Nutrients in FoodI. General Comprehension of the Text • 1) Why are nutrients important in general? • 2) What are the five general groups of nutrients? Why are they important respectively? And what foods contain each of the five groups of nutrients? • 3) What constitute a nutritious and healthy diet according to you? Do you think you are having a nutritious diet and healthy food habits?

20. Five general groups of nutrients 1. carbohydrates: starches and sugars • Function: Providing heat and energy; The extra is stored as body fat. • Food containing starches: bread, potatoes, rice, ect. Food containing sugar: candy, soft drinks, jelly, ect.

21. 2. fats: animal fats and vegetable fats • Function: Extra energy – changes into carbohydrates when energy is needed. • Animal fats: E.g. fat in bacon Vegetable fats: E.g. olive oil, corn oil, peanut oil

22. 3. Proteins: • Function: important for growth-- made of amino acids which build and repair body tissues (muscles, organs, skin, and hair) • Complete proteins (having all the 8 essential amino acids): meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and cheese Incomplete proteins (not having all the 8 essential amino acids): vegetables, grains • Ways to form complete proteins from incomplete proteins: 1) to mix vegetables and grains correctly; 2) to add a small amount of meat or milk to a large amount of grains

23. 4. minerals: more than 20 in the body 3 most important minerals: • 1) calcium (best sources: milk and hard cheese) & 2) phosphorus Function: Building strong bones and teeth • 3) Iron Sources: lean meats, liver, whole grains, nuts, some vegetables, dried fruits Function: Carrying oxygen in the blood (Lack of iron leads to anemia.)

24. 5. Vitamins: 13 needed by humans • Function: Preventing diseases and help control body processes • Vitamin A: important for healthy skin and eyes Sources: deep yellow fruits and vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, whole milk • B vitamins: important for good appetite and calm nerves Sources: some meats and vegetables, milk, cottage cheese, whole grains

25. Vitamin C: Keeping the cells of the body together; helping skin tissue recover from cuts and burns Sources: tomatoes, citrus fruits, cabbage, green peppers • Vitamin D: Helping the absorption of calcium Sources: “sunshine”, cod liver oil, yolk (the yellow of eggs)

26. Band 4 Vocabulary bacon appetite tropical process v. (L87) Band 6 Vocabulary calcium ultraviolet nutrition nutritionist (L32) nutritious (L51) 更高要求词汇 nutrient carbohydrate poultry Useful Phrases olive oil II.Vocabulary

27. III. Difficult language points in the text • 1. If adults eat too many carbohydrates and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms (100 pounds) to their bodies. (Line 22) another: more, in addition • 2. Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them. (Line 32) call: consider to be (认为) 营养学家认为这八种氨基酸是必须的，因为人体不能自己制造它们。

28. 3. Their hearts beat faster so their bodies can get more oxygen. (Line 72) so: with the purpose (that) • 4. Vitamin A in the diet comes from deep yellow fruits and vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, and whole milk. (Line 81) whole milk:全脂奶

29. VI. Key to exercises • I. 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A • II. (见备注)

30. Text 3. Creativity Will Dominate Our TimeI. General Comprehension of the text • 1) What marks the appearance of the concept of work? What did work mean at the time? • 2) How did Industrial Revolution change the meaning of work? • 3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of work over machinery in the first three-quarters of the 20th century?

31. 4) What problems will computerization bring about to the job market? Are these problems difficult to solve according to the author? • 5) How does the author view the role of creativity in the future? • 6) Describe and comment on the author’s ideas about work in the years to come and the changes that are to take place in the world.

32. Band 4 Vocabulary compel preserve notion grant grind accent magnificent advancement Band 6 Vocabulary brink ingenious compact versatile diminish elite fringe knit II. Vocabulary

33. 更高要求词汇 dwindle Useful Phrases assembly line in full swing with a vengeance shift (one’s workload) onto (L18) relieve the strain (疲劳，紧张) on demanding jobs (L51) 要求高的，需要技能的 be confined to (L73) be rapidly on one’s way (L83) show business (L88) 娱乐性行业 sth. in its (old, traditional …) sense (93) gain command of (L122) zero gravity (L130) 失重 achieve triumphs (L144)

34. III. Difficult language points in the text • 1. Then, in the latter decades of the 18th century, as the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, there was another transition in which the symbols of work were no longer the hoe and plow; they were replaced by the mill and the assembly line. (Line 8) latter: recent, belonging to the end 在18世纪后半叶，英国工业革命的开始带来了一个变革：工作的象征不再是锄头和犁耙，而代之以作坊和生产线。

35. 2. With the Industrial Revolution, machinery … took over the hard physical tasks … (Line 20) take over: accept the duties or responsibilities • 3. ... clay after clay there is always the sour sense of endlessly doing something unpleasant under compulsion, something that stultifies one's minds and wastes one's life. (Line 29) under compulsion: because one must (被迫地) 日复一日，总有一种被迫做无止尽的不愉快事情的感觉，做这种事会使大脑迟钝，会浪费生命。

36. 4. The electronic computer, …improved at breakneck speed … (Line 37) at breakneck speed: at a dangerously fast speed • 5. In the first place, the computer age will introduce a total revolution in our notions of education ... (Line 68) in the first place: firstly (首先) cf. in the second place (其次), in the last place (最后)

37. 6. It will undoubtedly turn out that the "average" child is much more intelligent and creative than we generally suppose. (Line 71) turn out: prove to be in the end • 7. … what kind of work will there be aside from what is involved in that solution? (Line 78) aside from:apart from

38. 8. Nor will this have to be done on the spot. (Line 108) on the spot: immediately, then and there • 9. … products that could be turned out only with difficulty, if at all, on Earth's surfaces. (Line 133) if at all = if those products could be turned out at all

39. IV. Key to exercises • I. 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C • II．1. 历史上周期性地出现一些大的转折时期，在这些转折时期“工作”的含义发生了变化。 2. 现在我们正处在一个变革的边缘，这个变革将是最伟大的，因为古老意义上的工作将会彻底消失。 3. 事实上，2l世纪将因为它所有的进步，成为人类历史上最伟大的开创时期，因为人们将在全新的条件下，以全新的方式做全新的工作，冒着，全新的风险去获得全新的胜利。