Chapter 18

1. Chapter 18 Eighteenth Century –War and Change

2. What is Enlightened Absolutism? • Enlightenment brought about ideas of • Natural Rights- unchangeable privileges that shouldn’t be withheld from anyone • Equality before the law • Freedom of religion • Freedom of speech and press • Right to assemble, own property, happiness • Enlightened Absolutism- monarchs rule while allowing natural rights to speech, religion, etc

3. France • Saw an economic revival as Enlightenment grew • Louis XIV left France with enormous debts • Louis XV was lazy and weak • More inclined to spend time with Madame de Pompadour • Louis XVI (XV’s grandson) married Marie Antoinette • Not capable of fixing economy • Marie denied as a wife and falls into court intrigues

4. Great Britain • United Kingdom of Great Britain -1707 • England and Scotland United • British refers to English and Scots • Parliament • Makes laws, levies taxes, passes budget • Dominated by landed aristocracy • Peers– House of Lords • Life position • Landed Gentry – House of Commons • Voting varied widely, wealthy able to use patronage- bribery to gain control of boroughs and counties St George, England St Andrew, Scotland Great Britain St Patrick, Ireland United Kingdom 1802

5. Great Britain • 1714- Queen Anne, last Stuart ruler, died • Crown offered to Protestant rulers of German state of Hanover • George I (1714-1727) • Didn’t speak English • George II (1727-1760) • Had no familiarity with British system, chief ministers handled Parliament • William Pitt the Elder (PM) won Canada & India during 7 Years War • George III (1760-1820) • Occasional bouts of insanity, replaced PM William Pitt the Elder and angered the People and the Parliament after losing Americas

6. Decline of the Dutch • Economic Decline • Infighting between regents and the House of Orange • Burghers – calling themselves Patriots- wanted democratic reforms • Prussian troops came to protect the monarchs

7. Prussia- rise of army and bureaucracy • Frederick William I (1713-1740) • General Directory • Supervised military, police, financial affairs • Code: obedience, honor and service to the king • Closely supervised by Frederick William • Strict class stratification • Nobility & landed aristocracy “Junkers” • Still had large estates with serfs • Junkers had monopoly on officer corps of army

8. Prussia- rise of army and bureaucracy • Army – 4th largest behind France, Russia, Austria • Nobility as officers created a close bond between two • Prussia was an “army with a country” • Frederick II “the Great” (1740-1786) • Best educated & cultured monarch • Invited Voltaire to live at his court • Single code of laws for territories • No torture • Limited freedom of speech, press, religion • Enlarged military further and used it!

9. Catherine the Great • Pugachev’s rebellion (1773-1774) • Cossacks-independent tribes of warriors • Volga valley and South Russia • Pugachev betrayed by his own men, tortured and executed • Catherine responded by extending serfdom • German princess • Believed in philosophes but knew she would alienate the nobility if she implemented reforms like Joseph II • Strengthened the landholding class at expense of serfs

10. Poland1772-1795 • Polish king elected by nobles thus restricting his power • Instead of fighting with each other, Austria, Russia & Prussia divided Poland After the heroic but failed Rebellion under Thaddeus Kosciuszko

11. Austria & the Habsburgs • Maria Theresa • 10 surviving children • Divided Austria and Bohemian lands into ten provinces, subdivided into districts • Administered by royal officers making more centralized government • Enlarged military

12. Austria & Habsburgs • Joseph II • Driven by reason • Abolished serfdom, gave serfs hereditary rights, outlawed death penalty, equality before law • EVERYONE found issue with reforms • Alienated nobility & church • Serfs couldn’t understand new laws • “here lies Joseph II, who was unfortunate in everything he undertook” • Successors undid everything he accomplished

13. Prussia, Austria, Russia, Britain, and France dominate - in what area were they most likely to compete for land and power?

14. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Pragmatic Sanction – allowed Maria Theresa to take the Austrian throne • Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of Maria Theresa taking the throne by invading Silesia • France entered to take advantage of Austria’s weakness

15. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Maria Theresa allied with Great Britain • France took Madras in India from British, Brits took French forts in America • Peace Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned all land but Silesia

16. Seven Years War (1756-1763) • Maria Theresa planned revenge by building her army and by separating Prussia from France (mean girls unite!) • 1756- Habsburg v. Bourbon rivalry falls away • Britain & France rivals over colonies • Austria & Prussia hate each other • France abandoned Prussia and joined Austria • So did Russia • Great Britain sided with Prussia • New War fought in Europe, India, and North America

17. 7 Years War Great Britain Prussia Portugal VERSUS Austria France Russia Spain Sweden Saxony

18. 7 Years War Great Britain Prussia Portugal VERSUS Austria France Russia Spain Sweden Saxony

19. War in Europe • British & Prussians vs. Austrians, Russians, French • Frederick the Great able to defeat Austria, Russia, France… • But he was gradually worn down from surrounding powers • Tsarina Elizabeth of Russia died, Peter III admired Frederick the Great and withdrew, ending the war • Peace of Hubertusburg 1763 • All occupied territories returned • Austria recognized they lost Silesia

20. War in India • “Great War for the Empire” • Robert Clive (1725-1774) won the battle for the Madras • Treaty of Paris, 1763 • French withdrew and India remained under the British

21. “French and Indian War” • Two areas of contention • Waterways of Gulf of Saint Lawrence • Forts of Louisbourg, Great Lakes, Lake Champlain • Ohio River Valley • French moved South from Quebec, North from Louisiana along Mississippi, cutting of British expansion • England felt they must destroy French colonial empire if they will grow • concentrated on American theatre

22. “French and Indian War” • French had greater numbers • British won decisive naval battles • Treaty of Paris (1763) • France ceded Canada and lands East of Mississippi • Spain (France’s ally) gave up Florida • France gave Louisiana to Spain

24. European Life Seminar Points for participation

25. How did armies change between 1740-1780? • French 190,000  300,000 • Prussian 83,000  200,000 • Austrian 108,000  282,000 • Russian 130,000  290,000

26. What was the composition of the armies? • Officers from landed aristocracy • Middle class not allowed in higher ranks • Rank-and-file soldiers came from lower classes • Because peasants were needed in fields, many hired soldiers from Switzerland and Germany • England didn’t have a standing army • Britain and Dutch built up navies

27. Why didn’t bigger armies lead to more war? • Europe was less driven by ideology like during religious period • Ideological wars are more violent and destructive • Armies depended on tax money so monarchs were loathe to “spend” that investment • Costliness of war and technology created barriers

28. How did child-rearing change? • Childhood began to be viewed as a phase of human development • Children dressed in more comfortable cloths • Primogeniture- treating son better – came under attack • Toys specifically for children appeared • Changes limited to nobility • Infanticide and abandonment common in lower classes

29. How did agriculture change? • New plants replaced leaving fields fallow • Alfalfa, turnips, clover return nitrogen • JethroTullinvented a seed planter in rows • Potatoes and corn • Potato staple of the poor • Large landowners enclosed old open fields • Led to demise of village farming, small farmers became tenant farmers

30. How did finance change? • Public and private banks and acceptance of paper notes made expansion of credit possible • Bank of England (1694) – made loans • “banknotes” issued giving credit • Government bonds paying interest created notion of “national debt” outside of monarchy • We can now raise more for militaries

31. How did Industry Change? • Cottage Industry- textiles were produced by “putting out” or “domestic” system where rural workers would work raw materials in their home • Cotton from slave labor increased production and led to innovation • Trade increased with new world