To the Terascale…

1. Neutrinos: To the Terascale… …and Beyond! Extreme Beam Lecture Series Janet Conrad, May 28

2. The story begins with a unique accelerator: If there remains good physics that we can get out, we should go for it…. We need to maximally exploit our existing resources.

3. Question: What new fixed target programs could we put out here?

4. Answer : NEW $15M/year to run (less with optimizations) Over 100 people signed up to follow this “FutureTev Study”

5. This paper focused on Beyond Standard Model Searches and featured: * A Charm program * Neutrissimo Searches * A new nt experiment * NuSOnG We did not have the chance to cover… * A hyperon program (under development) * A major QCD program (about to be published) The take-away: if we build a new Fixed Target facility, there will be lots of good physics to do! and plenty of users to do it

6. There is surely a lot of fixed target physics that can be done, but… I n (And Charm will be covered by an Extreme Beam lecture by Ikaros Bigi in Sept!)

7. A 1-TeV-proton-based Neutrino Program • A suite of interesting experiments: • NuSOnG • A new nt experiment • A small dedicated search for neutrissimos • (moderately-heavy neutral heavy leptons)

8. The Tevatron can yield very high n event rates… Past Sample Tev-program ne ~500k events 6M events nm ~20M events 600M events nt ~10 events 1000 or more events Far and away the least explored sector! Many theories argue for new physics appearing in the 3rd generation.

9. This offers a neutrino physics program which… Is complementary to LHC, Is complementary to the existing neutrino program, & Moves neutrino technology forward … and it offers a lot of physics topics/experiment

10. NuSOnG: Neutrino Scattering On Glass http://www-nusong.fnal.gov

11. Outline for the remainder of this talk: Neutrinos, in a nutshell The NuSOnG Design (including a new LArTPC option) The Electroweak Physics Reach The Connection to the QCD & Direct Searches

12. Neutrinos in a Nutshell… m- nm nm nm Z W The charged current (CC) interaction The neutral current (NC) interaction

13. Leptons m- nm e   W CC e   The CC interaction connects the isospin doublets u c t CC d s b Quarks

14. nm nm Z Is where we will look for new physics The neutral current (NC) interaction Hello? NuSOnG focuses on new physics “speaking up” via the NC interaction

15. We look for new physics by cross comparing measurements between experiments… The Weak Mixing Angle SU(3)  SU(2)  U(1) qW Parameterizes the mixing between ZSU(2) and gU(1) in the electroweak theory electric charge weak isospin sin2qW = 1 - (MW/MZ)2 weak hypercharge A fundamental parameter accessible in all processes with Z-exchange & r = NC coupling/CC coupling

16. You are used to hearing about 0.1-10 GeV neutrino interactions 1 TeV protons produce neutrinos at ~100 GeV and higher At these energies, if the target has constituents, there is a high probability it will be blown up! We are Here! MiniB. T2K NOvA MINOS

17. We will still have low-multiplicity interactions, But they will be a small fraction of the event rate “Quasielastic Scattering” Energy e- m- nm ne & p p n n

18. You can produce the neutrinos in 2 ways… Dump Neutrinos and antineutrinos out. 1 TeV p A good design if you want to enhance the fraction of neutrinos from shorter-lived mesons, like Ds D u m p Magnetic field Nu OR nubar out. Long decay pipe, for both ps and Ks target 1 TeV p A good design to maximize flux and to have sign selection

19. The general goals and design of NuSOnG

20. A NuTeV-style Flux Uniquely high energy, and low background, NuSOnG will have a decay length 3 times longer than NuTeV

22. Why Glass? • Silicon is the highest A isoscalar (p=n) target • It is relatively inexpensive to obtain • It is relatively easy to handle • You can instrument it if you like… With this said… We are looking at an alternative LArTPC design (to be discussed later…)

23. This design comes from past history… + NUTEV CHARM II High energy, very pure beam (20 POT) Fine-grained, massive detector (6 mass) 1.5E20 POT in n , 0.5E20 POT in n

24. 5  1019 POT/year Can the Tevatron Deliver the rate? 3 the number of protons per fill, 1.5  faster cycle time 66% uptime per year Two useful publicly-available memos: http://beamdocs.fnal.gov/AD-public/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=2222 http://beamdocs.fnal.gov/AD-public/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=2849

25. NuSOnG Events rare event & high precision studies 40x CHARM II 20x CHARM II 100x NuTeV 30x NuTeV

26. As many thesis topics as I can type in 5 minutes… The weak mixing angle measure from neutrino-electron scattering The weak mixing angle measured from neutrino-quark scattering New physics limits probed through coupling to the Z New physics limits from the inverse muon decay cross section Cross section measurement of neutrino and antineutrino electron scattering A search for Nmmn decay in the 5 GeV mass range Searches for light mass neutrissimos nmdisappearance at very high Dm2 A search for evidence of nonunitarity of the 3 neutrino matrix A search for neutral heavy leptons in the 5 GeV mass range Constraints on muonic photons Measurement of the CCQE cross section at high energy Measurement of the NCp0 cross section at high energy A study of the transition from single pion to DIS production at high energy Measurement of F2 and xF3 at very high statistics Comparisons of F2 on nuclear targets from low to high x High precision measurement of R from neutrino scattering Constraint on isospin violation from DxF3 Charm production in the emulsion target and a measure of Bc Measurement of the strange sea and Ds from dimuon production Measurement of the charm sea from wrong-sign single muon production in DIS Neutrino vs antineutrino nuclear effects Electroweak! Searches! QCD!

27. We have published a paper on our electroweak physics case: Int.J.Mod.Phys. A24:671-717,2009. arXiv:0803.0354 14 institutions: 2 International, 3 National Laboratories, 7 Universities, 2 Colleges

28. In one year on the web this paper has received 17 citations… 3) Multi-parameter approach to R-parity violating SUSY couplings. E.M. Sessolo, F. Tahir, D.W. McKay, arXiv:0903.0118 [hep-ph] 7) Fake Dark Matter at Colliders. Spencer Chang, Andre de Gouvea, arXiv:0901.4796 8) Unparticle physics and neutrino phenomenology. J. Barranco, A. Bolanos, O.G. Miranda, C.A. Moura, T.I. Rashba, arXiv:0901.2099 10) Neutral current neutrino-nucleus interactions at high energies. M.B. Gay Ducati, M.M. Machado M.V.T. Machado, arXiv:0812.4273 12) Charged current reactions in the NuSOnG and a test of neutrino-W couplings. A.B. Balantekin, I. Sahin, J.Phys.G36:025010,2009, arXiv:0810.4318 15) Tests of flavor universality for neutrino-Z couplings in future neutrino experiments. A.B. Balantekin, I. Sahin, B. Sahin Phys.Rev.D78:073003,2008, arXiv:0807.3385 16) Model Independent Explorations of Majorana Neutrino Mass Origins. James Jenkins . e-Print: arXiv:0805.0303 17) Effects of new leptons in Electroweak Precision Data. F. del Aguila, J. de Blas, M. Perez-Victoria, Phys.Rev.D78:013010,2008. arXiv:0803.4008] Many introduce physics opportunities beyond our paper

29. m- nm nm nm Z W e- e- e- ne A very special data set… A unique opportunity for these channels!

30. nm nm nm nm nm nm Z Z Z e- q q e- q q m- m- m+ nm nm nm W W W q’ q’ q e- q ne NuSOnG will work with ratios…. New! - - NuTeV-style “Paschos-Wolfenstein” Purely leptonic Expected errors 0.7% conservative, 0.4% conservative 0.4% best case 0.2% best case Our case is based on the conservative estimates

31. nm nm nm nm e- e- e- e- Why do we not focus on: Like past experiments? Theory-based reason: Sensitivity to new physics arises from r= NC/CC coupling -- which cancels in this ratio

32. Experimental reason: n and n fluxes are never identical, so one cannot do a precision (<1%) measurement Practical reason: Equal statistics in n running takes 3 the proton on target!

33. m- nm W e- ne Why do we need a Tev-based beam? Want flux above ~ 30 GeV Need no flux below! The strong cutoff at low energy is due to the energy-angle correlation in p decay

34. m- nm W e- ne Bottom line: A 120 GeV program cannot do this physics because it does not have ability to normalize via The physics presented here requires a Tevatron-based beam.

35. m- nm e- ne One issue that we face… In a glass detector, some of this…. nm nm & e- e- Gets confused with this…. in cases where the p is absorbed in the glass e- m- nm ne & p p n n All results I show here include a systematic for how well we understand this background.

36. But we are also looking a new detector concept using ~3 ktons of LAr n-e event at 60 GeV The most pernicious background: ne CCQE WOW! See that proton

37. NuSOnG Neutrino Scattering OnGlass may become NuSONG Neutrino Scattering On (liquid) Noble Gas But for this discussion we stick with the glass detector.

38. The Electroweak Physics Program of NuSOnG

39. At the energies ~1 TeV, we expect rich new phenomena to appear. But since this is terra incognita, We are faced with the conundrum… >

40. The Standard Model Z’B-L Z’q-xu R S U S Y Leptoquark Neutrissimo The Terascale Which monster shall we discuss? model

41. Following the structure of our paper (arXiv:0803.0354 ) Reach within general classes of New Physics Reach within specific models and scenarios What we show: There are cases where we have overlapping reach with LHC or other experiments There are cases where our reach is unique. We provide valuable information beyond the present program in both cases

42. From our paper: 5 general classes of new physics searches… Oblique Corrections Neutrino-lepton NSIs Neutrino-quark NSIs Nonuniversal couplings Right-handed coupling to the Z … “generic ways” that new physics might show up

43. New physics through “oblique corrections” Take all of the world’s past measurements of sin2qW and r and map them to S = weak isospin conserving parameter T = weak isospin violating parameter This would be affected by, e.g., adding a new weak isospin doublet with degenerate masses t This is affected by anything which makes one isospin partner significantly different from the other b

44. So if we plot experiment in S vs T: S = weak isospin conserving T = weak isospin violating very roughly: T extra Z’s extra families Heavier Higgs S

45. LEP wins! It has the highest precision NC measurements, so it defines the center (S,T)=(0,0) Now plot the world’s data: S = weak isospin conserving T = weak isospin violating Cheat sheet: T extra Z’s extra families mt=172 GeV, mH=115 GeV. Heavier Higgs n DIS S

46. What’s this experiment way over here? n DIS NuTeV is the previous generation neutrino experiment, and it is 3s from the “Standard Model”

47. nm nm nm nm Z Z q q q q m- m+ nm nm W W q’ q’ q q It’s clearer when expressed just as sin2qW New Physics, e.g. nonuniversality? or “Standard Model”? Recall the method… - -

48. nm nm nm nm Z Z q q q q m- m+ nm nm W W q’ q’ dv uv It’s clearer when expressed just as sin2qW New Physics, e.g. nonuniversality? or “Standard Model”? Recall the method… - -

49. Most viable SM explanation: nuclear isospin violation?  0 ?  0 ? • Surely at some level! • u and d quarks have different masses • (biggest effect in “bag model”) • Difference in the virtual meson (pion) cloud • QED corrections (different because u is +2/3, d is -1/3)

50. up ≠dn no model fully explains it…