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The Early Stuart Kings: James I and Parliament's Struggle for Power (1603-1649)

The Early Stuart period (1603-1649) marks a pivotal time in English history, characterized by the reign of James I, who unified the crowns of England and Scotland. This era saw significant power struggles between the monarchy and Parliament, especially concerning finances and governance. James I's conflicts with Puritans and his famous speech to the House of Commons illustrate the tension between royal authority and legislative power, laying the groundwork for future political developments in England.

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The Early Stuart Kings: James I and Parliament's Struggle for Power (1603-1649)

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  1. TheEarly Stuart Kings (1603-1649)
  2. The Stuart Monarchy
  3. King James VI of Scotland Becomes James I of England Fights with Parliament Power money Puritans James I speech to the House of Commons: I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of! James Stuart – 1600s
  4. James I: Problems Believed: Divine Right of Kings. Parliament used to, Tudors sharing power w/ Parliament Argue over $ Defended the Anglican church Many landowners became Puritans. Puritans formed the House of Commons in Parliament NOT WISE to alienate them!
  5. Charles I & Parliament Son of James I Constantly at war w/Spain & Fr. Always need $, but how to get it?? Usually Parliament would give Charles $ Sometimes, Parliament would deny funds. Charles dissolved Parliament finds funds in other ways. Forced “loans,” selling titles, putting soldiers in homes etc.
  6. The Petition of Rights, 1628 In return for money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed: No imprisonment w/o cause. No taxation w/o Parliament’s consent. No putting soldiers in private homes. No martial law during peacetime. Charles signed it
  7. After Petition is signed Charles ignores it Dissolves Parliament again (for 20 yrs) Needs $ for a rebellion in Scotland calls Parliament again pass new laws- limit king’s power Charles tries to arrest members Unsuccessful Heads north to form army Leads to ……
  8. The Civil War (1642-1649)
  9. Civil War Royalists(Cavaliers) Parliament(Roundheads) Aristocracy Loyal to king Large landowners Church officials (Anglican) Townspeople Support parliament Oliver Cromwell Merchants Puritans
  10. Oliver Cromwell Officer of the Roundheads army New Model Army. defeated royal forces now controlled the gov’t. Cromwell purges the House of Commons anyone who isn’t anti-monarchy Beheaded Charles I Created a constitution
  11. Cromwell: Protector or King? Cromwell tears up the ineffective Constitution. Dismisses Parliament Rules w/the military. Declares martial law. Military dictator. Religious tolerance for all except Catholics. Crushes rebellion in Scotland. Crushes rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland kills 40% of all Irish!
  12. Cromwell- the end?? England longs for an end to martial law! Harsh rule Puritan so: No theatre, music, etc Cromwell dies in 1658 son Richard, takes over weak & lasts for only 2 yrs. England wants their king back!!!!!!!
  13. The Restoration (1660-1688) Parliament could no more exist without the Crown than the Crown without Parliament.This was the most important lesson of the English Civil War!
  14. King Charles II Charles II back Charm, poise, & political skills [unlike his father!]. Reopened - theaters & pubs closed during the Restoration. Restored - Church of England Favored religious toleration. Had secret Catholic sympathies.
  15. King Charles II Realized - could not repeat the mistakes his father made 1679  Habeas Corpus Act Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty.
  16. King James II Charles II picks his brother: James II Becomes Catholic Appoints Catholics to power Wants absolute control Lacks ability to compromise Dissolves Parliament Has a son Fear the “Catholic Heir” Provoked the revolution that Charles II avoided!
  17. The GloriousRevolution 1688
  18. The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange. He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause. Agreed to the Bill of Rights Also called “bloodless” James gave up
  19. WHIGS & TORIES Whigs' believed: constitutional monarchism opposition to absolute rule Tories supported: exiled Stuart royal family's claims for the throne
  20. English Bill of Rights [1689] settled major issues b/w: King & Parliament. Created a Prime Minister Watch out for the people It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.
  21. English Bill of Rights 1689 Main provisions: The King could not suspend the operation of laws. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. Freedom of speech in Parliament. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. The monarch must be a Protestant. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. Censorship of the press was dropped. Religious toleration.
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