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Chapter 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Chapter 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology. Chapter 7: Carbohydrates Learning Goals. Structures of “boxed” sugars: open chain and ring. Amino- , deoxy- , and acidic sugars. Common polysaccharides (amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan).

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Chapter 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

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  1. Chapter 7Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

  2. Chapter 7: Carbohydrates Learning Goals • Structures of “boxed” sugars: open chain and ring. • Amino- , deoxy- , and acidic sugars. • Common polysaccharides (amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan). • Proteoglycans and glycan-domains…lectins. • Lipopolysaccharide. • Determination of sugar structure, glycosidic bonds.

  3. Trioses

  4. Hexose Models

  5. Pentose Models

  6. Three Carbon Sugars

  7. Carbonyl on the End

  8. Carbonyl Inner-Carbon

  9. Epimers

  10. Sugars: Carbonyl + Alcohol  Ring Formation

  11. Modified Sugars

  12. Basis of Fehling’s Reaction = Glucose is Reducing This is the more sensitive and specific test for glucose EOC Problem 15: an exercise in recognizing reducing sugars.

  13. Formation of Glycosidic Bond..Polysaccharides: Written from Non-Reducing to Reducing End

  14. How Should This Really Be Drawn?

  15. Fructose Turned Upside Down

  16. This Glucose Should be Flipped Over

  17. Sucralose - Sucrose Comparison Sucralose is 600 times sweeter than Sucrose Pardon the skeletized molecules . . Not showing all the atoms, you could fill them in.

  18. What Is Sweet? Tasting Panels: Taste Relative to Sucrose….dilutions of the test molecules. Compound Sweetness Lactose 0.16 Glycerol 0.60 Glucose 0.75 Sucrose 1.0 Fructose 1.75 Aspartame 250 Na-saccharine 510 Sucralose 600 Lugduname 225,000

  19. Sweetner’s Calories Because of sucralose intense sweetness, what is sold in the supermarket is mixed with a filler: fluffed glucose or fluffed maltodextrin. (Fluffed by the same process that makes Puffed Wheat or Puffed Rice breakfast cereals). While sucralose can not be metabolized, the filler does have calories .. but less than 5 cal/gram. So the FDA allows the claim that sucralose products have no calories. What is the nutritional calorie compared to the biochemical calorie? What are the safety concerns?

  20. Storage Polysaccharides EOC Problem 20: How long can a game bird fly using its muscle glycogen? To solve this assume you have 1 gram of muscle tissue.

  21. Glycogen and Starch…almost all α 1,4 Glycogen and Amylopectin have α 16 branches

  22. Two cartoons of Amylopectin

  23. Cellulose is Beta 1,4 linked When aligned, they form H-bonds and fit like Leggo’s blocks to become insoluble. EOC Problem 17 compares the solubility of glycogen and cellulose: both polymers of glucose, but different.

  24. Cellulase is Only produced by Some Fungi and Some Bacteria EOC Problem 19: The growth rate of bamboo, one of the fastest growing cellulose system in the world.

  25. Chitin – What are the modifications from cellulose?

  26. OMG, Phi, Psy and Omega Angles on 1,6 Linkages

  27. Ramachandran Redux

  28. Amylose Helix EOC Problem 18 compares the lengths of cellulose and amylose: both polymers of glucose, but different.

  29. Agarose

  30. Peptidoglycan Has Interpeptide Bridges

  31. Syndecan – Human Membrane Core Protein Heparan is the same as Heparin with a few less sulfonates.

  32. S-domains have 4 Functions

  33. EOC Problem 23 has a good question about how heparin (which is not heparin) binds to antithrombin and demonstrates why clinical plastic and glassware is often coated with heparin.

  34. Extracellular Matrix Proteolgycan Atomic Force Microscopy

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