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How Technology Affects Us

How Technology Affects Us. Knowledge Knowledge Explosion - Knowledge is doubling every 18 months to 2 years Careers Technology will play a large part in all careers and is becoming increasingly important in Hospitality Organizations Changing what we produce and how we produce it

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How Technology Affects Us

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  1. How Technology Affects Us • Knowledge • Knowledge Explosion - Knowledge is doubling every 18 months to 2 years • Careers • Technology will play a large part in all careers and is becoming increasingly important in Hospitality • Organizations • Changing what we produce and how we produce it • Global Relations • Changing social relations, norms and values

  2. The Information System Concept • The Process • Feedback: Decision • The basis of management information systems • Make decisions faster, based on more reliable information Input Processing Output

  3. Basic Types of Info Technologies • Sensing Technologies • Gather and input data • Communication Technologies • Facilitate communication between people and between machines. • Analyzing Data • Computer hardware and software • Display Technologies • The interface between sensing, communicating and analyzing

  4. Types Of Computer Systems • Super Computers • Mainframe • Room Sized Computers • Mini Computers • Refrigerator to Desktop • Micro Computers (PC's Laptop's etc...) • Desktop, Portable

  5. Computer System • Hardware: Physical Equipment • Software: Set of Instructions

  6. Communication Between Hardware Components (Binary Code) • BIT 0 1 (ON/OFF) 20 = 1 bit • BYTE 8 BITS equal a BYTE (256 different possible combinations) 23 = 8 bits or a byte • KB KILOBYTE equal to 1000 BYTES Referred to as "K" 210 = 1024 BYTES or a KB • MB MEGABYTE equal to 1000 KB or a "MEG" 220 = 1,048,576 BYTES = MB • GB GIGABYTE equal to 1000 MB or a "GIG" 230 = 1,073,741,824 BYTES = GB

  7. Computer Binary Codes • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) • EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) • Assigns specific meaning to each 8 bit combination • A= 01000001 • 0 = 00110000 • & = 00100110

  8. Basic Concepts • All Hardware components must communicate, whether or not the hardware is directly on the motherboard or added via an expansion slot. • Hardware Components • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Motherboard • Input and Output Devices (I/O) • Storage Devices (Disks)

  9. Basics Continued • Speed of Operations is important to performance • CPU speeds measured as a cycle frequency in megahertz (MHz) • Memory speed is rated by time in (nanoseconds). • MHz and nanoseconds are reciprocals. At a speed of 1 MHz, one clock cycle is 1000 nanoseconds; at 8 MHz one cycle is 125 nanoseconds etc. • Hard disk access is measured in milliseconds (1/1000)

  10. The BUS • Def: Circuits inside the computer that transmit information from one part of the computer to another. • Buses have different widths 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit 64. • Every Bus has a clock speed measured in MHz and usually runs at a sub-multiple of the CPU clock, i.e. an 8.25 MHz bus running with a 33MHZ CPU • Initially there were two basic approaches to design • Bus Oriented Computers - the modular approach • Single Board Computers - everything on one board

  11. The BUS (continued) • Evolution of the BUS from IBM PC/XT and AT BUS Speed Width Chip Year • PC/XT 4.77 MHz 8 bit 8088 1981 • AT 8 MHz 16 bit 80286 1984 • ISA varied 16 bit 80286/386 1987 • Industry Standard Architecture defined to avoid problems arising from chip speed and memory exceeding 8MHz • Dual Bus system - memory and I/O separate • MCA varied 32 bit 80386 1987 • Micro Channel Architecture - mainframe technology in a PC • Not Backward compatible - a marketing nightmare

  12. The Next BUS AGP BUS Speed Width Chip Year • EISA 8.33 MHz 32 bit 80386/486 1988 • Designed to counter MCA and still be compatibility with ISA • Both MCA and EISA became unpopular because the added expense did not make the PC seem any faster since the video transfer rate was slow. • Local Bus - a third bus is added for video • VESA Video Electronics Standards Association 1992 • PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect by Intel 1992 • Expanded data path to 64 bit to match Pentium chip • Not truly local has interface between chip and bus

  13. CPU Functions • Microprocessor Chip introduced by INTEL in 1972 • Coordinates all computer activities in conjunction with DOS • Interprets input from various devices and sends output to output devices. • Performs arithmetic calculations (+,-,/,x) • Performs logical operations (>,<,)

  14. Central Processing Unit (CPU ) • IBM developed the PC around various Chips • CPU Date Model MIPS • 8086/8088 1981 IBM PC/XT 0.33-0.75 • 80286 1984 AT 1.2-1.66 • 80386 1986 PS/2 2.5-11.4 • 80486 1989 PS/2 13-81 • Pentium 1993 90+ • Pentium Pro 1995 300 • Pentium II 1997 …. Now the Pentium III @ 550Mhz • Speed based on CPU, Clock Speed and Bus width

  15. History of Intel CPU continued Intel CPU’s • There are basic families of chips such as 286, 386, and 486 but there are differences in the bus width, clock speed and MIPS within these families • Chip Bus Speed MIPS • 286 16 8-16 MHz 1.2-1.66 • 386SX 16 16-33 MHz 2.5-2.9 • 386DX 32 16-33 MHz 5.5-11.4 • 386SL 16 20-25 MHz 4.2-5.3 • 486SX 32 16-33 MHz 13-27 • 486DX 32 25-50 MHz 20-41 • 486SL 32 20-33 MHz 15.4-22

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