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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Vital Signs and Measurement. Learning Outcomes. 18.1 Recall normal ranges, reason for, and process of obtaining a patient’s temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. 18.2 Describe the process of obtaining a patient’s height and weight. Vital Signs. Cardinal signs

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Vital Signs and Measurement

  2. Learning Outcomes • 18.1 Recall normal ranges, reason for, and process of obtaining a patient’s temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. • 18.2 Describe the process of obtaining a patient’s height and weight.

  3. Vital Signs • Cardinal signs • Indicators of the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis • Temperature (T) • Pulse (P) • Respiration (R) • Blood pressure (BP) • Pain assessment

  4. Vital Signs

  5. OSHA Guidelines

  6. Vital Signs • Temperature • Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius: Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature, multiply the remainder by 5, and divide by 9. • Example: 98.6º F – 32 = 66.6 X 5 = 333/9 = 37

  7. Vital Signs • Temperature • Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit: Multiply the Celsius temperature by 9, divide by 5, and add 32. • Example: 37º C X 9 = 333/5 = 66.6 + 32 = 98.6

  8. Vital Signs • Temperature • Controlled by the hypothalamus • Fever – pyrexia = temperature above 100.4º F • Hyperpyrexia = temperature above 105.8º F • Hypothermia = temperature below 97º F • Febrile – a temperature above normal range • Afebrile – temperature within normal range • Antipyretic – fever-reducing substance

  9. Lysis Crisis Intermittent Continuous Remittent Fever

  10. Vital Signs Types of thermometers • Digital • Disposable • Electronic • Tympanic • Temporal artery • Glass Galinstan (gallium or alcohol)

  11. Vital Signs Methods of taking temperature • Oral • Tympanic (aural) • Axillary • Rectal • Temporal artery

  12. Vital Signs • Pulse rate – the number of times the heart beats in a minute • Tachycardia – pulse rate above 100 bpm • Bradycardia – pulse rate below 60 bpm • Pulse sites • Temporal artery • Carotid artery • Radial artery • Brachial artery • Apical pulse • Dorsalis pedis artery • Popliteal artery

  13. Areas to Feel the Pulse

  14. Vital Signs • Respiratory rate – number of respirations per minute • External respiration • Internal respiration • Characteristics of respiration • Rate • Rhythm • Depth

  15. Vital Signs • Abnormal respiration • Cyanosis • Apnea • Bradypnea • Hyperpnea • Dyspnea • Orthopnea • Tachypnea

  16. Vital Signs • Abnormal breath sounds • Rales – occur during inspiration • Stertorous – deep snoring sound • Rhonchi – whistling sounds made in the throat • Wheezing – high-pitched musical sound on expiration • Stridor – shrill, harsh sound on inspiration

  17. Pulmonary Function Testing • Spirogram – visual record of respiratory movement • Spirometer – instrument that measures and records volume of inhaled and exhaled air

  18. Vital Signs • Blood pressure – the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries • Systolic pressure • Diastolic pressure • Korotkoff’s sounds – heard during the taking of blood pressure • Pulse pressure – difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings

  19. Vital Signs • Factors affecting blood pressure • Blood volume • Peripheral resistance of the vessels • Condition of the heart muscle • Vessel elasticity • Blood viscosity

  20. Vital Signs • Abnormal blood pressure • Hypertension • Essential hypertension • Nonessential hypertension • Malignant hypertension • Hypotension • Orthostatic hypotension

  21. Height and Weight • Mensuration – general term for the measurement of height and weight • Mensuration of infants – includes head and chest circumference • Sudden changes in height and weight may indicate a medical problem

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