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S.T.E.M.

S.T.E.M. S cience, T echnology, E ngineering and M ath Future doctors, engineers, computer scientists, forensic biologists, environmentalists, pathologists, NASA space scientists, zoologists, veterinarians…. Robert Hooke. Used light microscopes in 1655 to look at plant tissue

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S.T.E.M.

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  1. S.T.E.M. • Science, Technology, Engineering and Math • Future doctors, engineers, computer scientists, forensic biologists, environmentalists, pathologists, NASA space scientists, zoologists, veterinarians…

  2. Robert Hooke • Used light microscopes in 1655 to look at plant tissue • Noticed that a piece of dead cork had tiny chambers • Called them cells because they looked like the cells of a monastery Hooke's Microscope Hooke's drawing of Cork Cells

  3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-vuhn-hook) • One of first people to use a microscope to study living things from nature • Able to see things that no one had seen before • First person to see the tiny organisms living in pond water

  4. These scientists’ studies led to the development of the cell theory! • A theory is a well tested hypothesis that can explain a broad range of observations • The cell theory applies to all living things BIG and small and has three main principals

  5. Principal # 1 All organisms are made of one or more cells. • Some organisms are made up of one cell • Others are multicellular or made up of many cells

  6. Principal # 2 The cell is the most basic unit of life.

  7. Principal # 3 • All existing cells are produced by other living cells. • Disproved “spontaneous generation”

  8. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) All Cells • Tend to be microscopic • Have a few key structures: • i. are enclosed by a membrane. • ii. are filled with cytoplasm.

  9. Prokaryotic Cells • Are the most basic cells • These developed before eukaryotic cells – 3.5 billion years ago • Unicellular • Contain simple structures • Cell membrane • cytoplasm • genetic material (DNA) genetic just floats around in the cell • Organelles that do not have a membranes. Example: Bacteria

  10. Stop and Jot • What comes to mind when you think of bacteria? • Take two minutes to write your thoughts down in your notes

  11. Bacteria There are many different types of bacteria • Some can cause disease • Some recycle important natural resources through decomposition • We use some bacteria to make food, particularly milk products • Cheese, yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk

  12. Bacteria in Yogurt

  13. Swiss Cheese Bacteria

  14. nucleus organelles cell membrane Review • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bond organelles • Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane- bound organelles.

  15. nucleus organelles cell membrane cytoplasm • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

  16. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) Review Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

  17. Review Prokaryotic Cells Eurkaryotic Cells Plant and Animal Cells • Bacteria Cells

  18. nucleus organelles cell membrane cytoplasm • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

  19. Eukaryotic Cells • Contain simple structures of Prokaryotes • Contain a nucleus which holds the genetic material • Have multiple organelles with membranes • Unicellular or Multicellular • Example: Plant or Animal cells

  20. Eukaryotic Cell

  21. Organelles in an animal cell: (You’ll need to know these for a quiz on Friday! • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane • Ribosome • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Mitochondria

  22. What are organelles? • Definition: Organelles are specialized structures that perform important cellular functions within eukaryotic cells • Organelle means “little organ” • You have a body that has organs that do specific things so your whole body will work. An organelle is like an organ for the cell.

  23. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

  24. ** Eukaryotic Cells: ** • Remember, eukaryotic cells are those that have a true nucleus and have organized, complex organelles. • Both PLANT and ANIMAL cells fall under the category of Eukaryotic Cells. • Today and tomorrow, however, we will only be focusing on ANIMAL CELLS.

  25. Animal cell: what do you see?

  26. Today’s Objective: • SWBAT identify the structure and function of organelles in animal cells.

  27. **A little bit of help** For each organelle (cell organ) I will give you its DEFINITION and its FUNTION. • The DEFINITION is a short description of what it looks like, where it is found and how we can recognize it. • Definition of an iPOD: a small technological device that comes in a variety of colors and contains songs that you can play. • The FUNCTION is what it does…it’s purpose. • Function of an iPOD: an iPOD is used to play music and is often used when someone is studying, exercising or other times. It is small so it can be carried around.

  28. Nucleus (euk cell) DEFINITION: large organelle in the center of the cell that controls everything that happens in the cell…the “brain” of the cell FUNCTION: -Stores all genetic material (DNA) -Involved in duplication of DNA during cellular division (MITOSIS) • Facts: • Largest organelle in the cell • First organelle to be discovered

  29. Nucleus

  30. Nucleolus DEFINITION: small, dense structure in the nucleus that creates rRNA. FUNCTION: • Creates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • rRNA is very important in making ribosomes • Ribosomes are involved in making proteins

  31. Nucleolus

  32. Cytoplasm (both euk and prok) DEFINITION:. • A gooey liquid that fills the cell and acts as support • All organelles except nucleus FUNCTION: • It supports the cell…kind of like bubble wrap or packing peanuts protect a package.

  33. Cytoplasm

  34. Cellular membrane DEFINITION: thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm. FUNCTION: • Controls what goes into and out of the cell • Protection

  35. Cellular membrane

  36. Ribosome Definition: a small, dense organelle made mostly from rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Placement in cell: attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasmic liquid. Function: • Makes proteins

  37. Ribosome

  38. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Definition: a system of folded tube-like structures attached to the nucleus. Function: • Folds proteins • Transports proteins • Site of ribosomes

  39. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

  40. Golgi Apparatus: Definition: a system of folded tube-like structures NOT attached to the nucleus. Function: • packages things that are made in the cell to be transported to another organelle or outside of the cell (i.e. enzymes, proteins, hormones)

  41. Golgi Apparatus

  42. Mitochondria: Description: a membrane-enclosed organelle with folds inside. Function: • Creates the ATP (chemical energy) that most of the cell uses.

  43. Mitochondria:

  44. Lysosomes Definition: small organelles within the cytoplasm that are filled with enzymes Function: Break down… • food into small particles that can be used by the rest of the cell • organelles that are no longer needed and other waste in the cell

  45. Cell Wall Definition: A rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane Function: To provide support and protection for the cell • The cell walls of multiple cells can attach to one another to support the organism • Cell walls are made of different materials depending on the organism

  46. Cell wall

  47. Chloroplast Definition: are organelles that have a double membrane and stacks of disc-like shapes containing chlorophyll Function: Use energy from the sunlight to make food for the cell through the process of photosynthesis • Chlorophyll gives plants their green color • Like mitochondria because it provides energy

  48. Chloroplast

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