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The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire: A Historical Perspective (1500-1700 AD)

Explore the intricate history of the Mughal Empire in India from 1500 to 1700 AD, a period characterized by remarkable achievements and significant challenges. Starting with the young Babur who paved the way for the empire, through the Golden Age of Akbar known for his religious tolerance, to the grand architectural marvel of the Taj Mahal under Shah Jahan. Discover the contributions of various emperors and the cultural diffusion that flourished, mingling languages and traditions. However, the empire's decline set in with Aurangzeb, leading to fragmentation and the entry of European powers.

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The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire: A Historical Perspective (1500-1700 AD)

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  1. 1500-1700 (India) The mughal empire

  2. HISTORY OF INDIA IN 1400S • Lush country  many cities & temples • Hindu lower classes labored for Muslim/Hindu masters • Gupta Empire collapsing • 1st Ottomans (Timur the Lame) conquers New Delhi, then… • Huge clash between Hindus (India) & Muslims (Ottomans)  Hindus won • New Delhi is destroyed and weak

  3. BABUR • 1494 – 11 yr. old boy, BABUR, inherits kingdom in N. India  But elders drove him away • He moved south & later set groundwork for MUGHAL EMPIRE • Strong & sensitive leader; “Renaissance Man” • Defeated massive RAJPUT army (“sons of kings” or Turkish warlords & moved into New Delhi • Area weak, so nomadic people invade India, called Mughals or “Mongols” (Muslim)

  4. AKBAR: THE GOLDEN AGE • Grandson of Babur; aka “Great One” • 1556 – 1605: comes to power, gains land & builds a unified Mughal Empire – Golden Age • He is a Muslim

  5. AKBAR’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS • Rules with religious tolerance • Abolishes special taxes on non-Muslims • Bureaucracy of educated officials rules efficiently • Reorganized taxes to represent % of crops (more $) • War-like – armies are equipped with heavy artillery • Employs some potential enemies

  6. AKBAR’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS CONTINUED • Cultural diffusion – many cultures/languages combined • Upper class spoke Persian • Common people spoke Hindi (Persian & local language) ; Army people spoke Urdu (Arabic, Persian & Hindi) • book illustrations – miniatures were detailed, colorful stories • library & schools • architecture – massive, graceful, decorated with stonework of Hindu themes

  7. JAHANGIR • Akbar dies in 1605; his son rules • aka “Grasper of the World” • weak ruler & relied on his wife, NUR JAHEN • Raises taxes & neglects people • Persecutes Sikhs religion that blends Buddhism, Hinduism, & mysticism • Ended religious toleration

  8. SHAH JAHAN • Secured throne through assassination of all rivals • Greatest accomplishment: built TAJ MAHAL, tomb for his deceased wife, Mumtaz Mahal • BUT country suffered because spent so much time & money to build it  increased taxes

  9. TAJ MAHAL

  10. AURANGZEB • Shah Jahansick, so 3rd son, AURANGZEB, takes throne (kills brother & puts S. Jahan in prison) • EXPANDS MUGHAL EMPIRE TO ITS GREATEST SIZE • BUT empire is weak because of oppression of his people (harsh laws & destroys temples)

  11. EMPIRE’S DECLINE & DECAY • Long line of weak rulers  Mughal Emperor now only wealthy figurehead • Empire no longer united because of corruption; now bunch of independent states

  12. EUROPEANS MOVE IN TO TRADE • Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, French, & English) had trading outposts in Mughal Empire the whole time  Mughals not threatened by them • Aurangzeb gave them port of Bombay  big mistake , BIG important city for trade in the future. • TRADE: British wanted Indian textiles, mostly COTTON & SPICES

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