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Unit 5, Chapter 8

Unit 5, Chapter 8. Central America and The Caribbean. St. Marten. Dominican Republic. Anguilla. Favela. Food Line. Dump City in Guatemala. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeumQAKQJDA. Introduction into Central America and Caribbean.

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Unit 5, Chapter 8

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  1. Unit 5, Chapter 8 Central America and The Caribbean

  2. St. Marten

  3. Dominican Republic

  4. Anguilla

  5. Favela

  6. Food Line

  7. Dump City in Guatemala https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeumQAKQJDA

  8. Introduction into Central America and Caribbean • Columbian Exchangehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4

  9. How were the lifestyles of the indigenous peoples altered? Wiped out most of the native population Horses, long extinct in the region, were re-introduced. The Spanish quickly overran the indigenous people. It transformed the Americas warfare, hunting, and culture. Initiated one of the largest cultural transformations in human history.

  10. Physical Geography of Central America and the Caribbean

  11. Landforms • Much of Central America is hilly and mountainous, although swamps and lowlands extend along both coasts. • The Pacific Lowlands • The Caribbean Lowlands • The Central Highlands • The ISTHMUS, a narrow strip of land connecting two large strips of land, of Panama extends west to east connecting North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Panama. • The Islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles are part of an ARCHIPELAGO, a group or chain of islands, they were formed from collisions in the Caribbean plate and other tectonic plates.

  12. The Pacific Lowlands Extend from Guatemala and Panama

  13. The Caribbean lowlands Narrow except in Nicaragua and Honduras

  14. The Central Highlands The region climbs steadily higher west, and home to more than 40 volcanic cones that reach elevations of more than 12,000 feet. This is called the Volcanic Highlands, or Volcanic Axis and are an extension of the Sierra Madres. The lava produces very fertile soil making it a rich agricultural area and an area of dense population

  15. The Central Highlands (continued) • They are in the Ring of Fire so it brings potential hazards, yet humans have thrived there for centuries. • Cooler climate • Adequate rainfall • Rich national resources: water, volcanic soil, timber and minerals

  16. Water Systems – Inland lakes and waterways play a vital role in Central America, aiding growth and development • Water systems provide: transportation, drinking water, drainage, irrigation, and a source of hydroelectric power. • Lake Nicaragua: largest freshwater lake in Central America. It is the only lake in the world to contain oceanic life. It has sharks, swordfish and tarpon. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMMG5C9ipzU • Lake Managua: Commercially viable fish and alligators. It is drained by a river that feeds Lake Nicaragua and fed by stream from the highlands. • Many of Central America’s rivers provide commercial water routes because they are short and steep • San Juan River • The Lempa River, the only navigable river in the area and it generates hydroelectricity

  17. The Panama Canal bisects the Isthmus of Panama. One of the worlds most important waterways. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQQ3EuGL3QI

  18. Climate, Biomes, and Resources: Climates are dependent on many factors such as proximity to the sea, elevation, latitude, and local topography • For much of this region its location in the tropics and prevailing winds carry warm, moist air from the Atlantic Ocean which results in high temperatures and abundant rainfall year round • A Tropical Rainforest climate dominates much of Central America. • Has a continuous canopy of trees • Species include trees, ferns, mosses, birds, bats, small animals, and insects • Costa Rica and Panama are global Biodiversity hotpots. BIODIVERSITY, an environment as indicated by numbers of different species of plants and animals.

  19. Climates, Biomes, and Resources continued • A Tropical wet/dry climate is typical of the Caribbean Islands. • Moist winds sweep from the east. This leaves leeward Island areas (those not exposed to wind) dry. • Most islands have high temperatures and rainfall, but also extended dry seasons. • Intense hurricanes from June to November in the northern Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico

  20. Climates, Biomes, and Resources continued • Vertical climates • Tierra caliente (hot Land) lies below 2500 ft. Bananas and Sugarcane are grown here • Tierra templada (temperate lands) lies between 2500-6000 ft and is the most densely populated region. • Tierra fria (cold land) lies between 6000-10000 ft. Winter frost is common and potatoes and barley are grown here • Tierra helada (frozen land) is above 10,000 ft. and is an area of permanent ice and snow.

  21. Natural resources • Nickle • Iron ore • Fish • Timber • Petroleum • Guatemala refines petroleum, while Belize extracts crude oil.

  22. Human Geography of Central America and the Caribbean Chapter 8.2

  23. History and Government • The voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492-1504 triggered a period of conquest and colonization in Central America and the Caribbean. • Spain founded the regions first permanent settlement on the Island of Hispaniola in 1493. • Rodrigo de Bastidas made Spain’s first claim to Central America in March 1501. • Pedro Arias Davila (Pedrarias) expanded the colony but liked to enslave and murder the indigenous people so he was not liked by the people. • 1519 Panama was established • Francisco de Cordoba established Granada in 1524 • Costa Rico was established in 1561

  24. Other European Countries • Britain colonized Belize and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua • France, The Netherlands, and Portugal eventually established colonies

  25. 1600-1996 • By the 1600’s forced labor, starvation, and disease had nearly wiped out the indigenous population. This hurt the bottom line, they needed workers, so the brought forcibly captured, enslaved Africans to the Americas to do the work. • By 1700’s African and Indigenous people began to take organized action to free themselves from slavery and European rule. • 1804 Haiti won it’s independence • Most Caribbean colonies did not gain independence until the 1900’s. • Some islands still remain under foreign control • 1823 the federation of the United Provinces of Central America was formed. They divided into Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua

  26. 1600-1996 continued • 1903 Panama declared its independence from Columbia and signed a treaty with the United States creating the Panama Canal Zone. • 1959 Cuban revolution produced a communist state ruled by Fidel Castro • 1996 Guatemala held its first democratic election

  27. Haiti pg. 219 • What role did Haiti play in the movement for independence from European control in the region?

  28. Population Patterns • 60% are mestizos, 20% are indigenous, 20% mixed ancestry • 79% live in the Highlands • Most countries have a single primate city • Caribbean countries combine small land areas with large populations and this causes POPULATION PRESSURE– the sum of factors in a population that reduce the ability of the environment to support the population, therefore resulting in migration or population decline • In 2007 Central America had more than 40 million people, quadruple their population in 1950.

  29. Society and Culture today In the Caribbean, primary languages include: Dutch, English, French, and Spanish. Each Country has its own DIALECT,local form of language used in a particular place or by a certain group. Some speak a form Of PATOIS, a dialect used in everyday speech that blends elements of several languages.

  30. Religions 80% are Catholic in this area Protestant religion is common where English is spoken Hinduism, Islam, indigenous, and African religions. These are sometimes mixed with Christianity and other faiths. Santeria in Cuba Voodoo in Haiti

  31. Family and status Children are required to complete elementary school, but many do not because they lack money for clothes, books, and many schools are a long way away. The Caribbean: the structure is MATRIARCHAL, family ruled by a woman such as a mother, grandmother, or aunt. Central America: Male dominated

  32. Economic Activities • Countries in Central America and the Caribbean face the challenge of developing and diversifying economies in which wealth is unevenly distributed. • Agriculture employs more workers than other sectors. You have large, wealthy families that own the land, yet they are worked by the poor. These are known as latifundia, large agricultural estates owned by families or corporations • These people are called minifundia, which are small farms that produce food chiefly for family use. • Many countries are still considered less developed and most industrial employment is in COTTAGE INDUSTRIES, a business that employs workers in their home.

  33. Ecotourism • ECOTOURISM, the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment, provide new opportunities. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWvGHJlQQ1g

  34. People and their Environment Chapter 8.3

  35. Managing Resources • Water shortages • Access to freshwater • Legal issues related to waterway issues.

  36. Water issues • Center of border disputes through Central Americas history • Countries have resorted to hydro electricity • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ • Hydroelectricity threatens natural environments of the areas from which they extract the energy. • Floods areas • Removes people and animals from the area • Alters habitats and devastates natural fish population

  37. Other issues • Slash-and-burn farming • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzTJhbsWFI

  38. Human Impact • As population grows this area exceeds available resources like housing, running water, sewage systems, and electricity. • Thousands live in slums • High pollution rates from overloaded sewage, electric and water systems. • Air pollution affects people in areas without clean air policies • Disease from sewage • High demand of food as population grows

  39. Addressing the Issues • Central America and the Caribbean face many international challenges, including conflicts over natural resources and the need to prepare for wide scale natural disasters. • If deforestation is not addressed the rain forests will be reduced to almost nothing in the next 40 years. Answers lie in sustainable development. Laws requiring REFORESTATION, planting young trees or seeds on lands where trees have been cut or destroyed. • Initiatives to develop “green businesses are underway. These include environmentally-friendly organic foods, renewable energy and sustainable tourism. • REDD: a United Nations initiative that stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

  40. Addressing the Issues continued • PRODESEC: This is an economic development program for the dry region of Nicaragua. It is a plan aimed at providing new opportunities for new families • Human activity is not the only problem. Because of where it is located the region is vulnerable to hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. Governments are using sophisticated technology, such as satellite imaging and computer models, to forecast where the next natural disaster will occur.

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