Exploring the Nature and Method of Science Through Experiments

1. BELLWORK : 8/16-17/12 Think of a question that you could answer through an experiment: What is the question? How would you setup the experiment?

2. Introduction to Science 1 – The Nature of Science 2 – The Way Science Works 3 – Organizing Data

3. Online Textbook Access • Go to URL • http://my.hrw.com • Username • jstudent537 • Password • s7v8j

4. 1 – The Nature of Science

5. Key Terms • Science – Knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions to learn facts, principles, laws • Technology – Application of science for practical purposes • Law – A descriptive statement or equation that predicts events under certain conditions • Theory – System of ideas explaining related observations and supported by evidence

6. How Science Takes Place • A scientist may perform experiments to find a new aspect of the natural world, to explain a known phenomenon, to check the results of other experiments, or to test predictions of current theories • Examples – New materials for computer chips that make processing speeds/phones more advanced

7. How Science Takes Place • Examples – TVs were built after the early cathode ray tubes were developed in the late 19th century

8. Scientists Experiment • Answer questions by investigating • Sometimes these are old questions, sometimes new • Often, questions arise from observations • Investigate by designing/conducting experiments • Experimental results are confirmed ( repetition )

9. Observe

10. Branches of Science • Natural Science: Biological, Physical, Earth

11. Working Together • Different branches of science work together, along with technology • Example: Applying newer computer-chip materials into actual designs ( Razr, self-cooled labtops )

12. Laws & Theories – Always Tested • Laws allow predictions to be made about how a system will behave under given conditions • GRAVITY • Theories explain HOW a process takes place • PLATE TECTONICS

13. Models • Mathematics is useful to describe events • Gravity has an equation

14. Models • Models can represent physical events • Used in daily life • Hurricane trajectories • Weather predictions

15. BELLWORK : 8/20/12 Which popcorn is the better deal?

16. Last Week • Discussed the fundamental nature of science • Also worked on observation skills • Anyone observe something interesting over the weekend?

17. Introduction to Science 1 – The Nature of Science 2 – The Way Science Works 3 – Organizing Data

18. 2 – The Way Science Works

19. Science Skills • Identifying problems • Planning experiments • Recording observations • Correctly reporting data

20. Critical Thinking • Involves asking questions, making observations, and using logic • Surprise!!

21. BELLWORK : 8/20/12 Which popcorn is the better deal? Discuss

22. Units of Measurement • In your notes, list 5 you can think of. • Do these relate to length, mass, weight, time, volume

23. Units of Measurement • Scientists use standard units of measure – SI System • Meters, grams, Seconds

24. Units of Measurement • SI ( System Internationale ) used for consistency • Prefixes allow for easy converting • EXAMPLES: • m  km • kg  g • seconds  milliseconds

25. Exit Pass – Unit Conversions • Study Guide – Pg 3 • Problem 3 • Remaining Time – Problems 1, 5 & 6

26. Bellwork – 08/21/12 • Study Guide – Pg 3 • Problem 3 • Finished? – Questions 1, 5 & 6

27. Help with # 1, pg 3 • Microscopes – magnify ( make larger ) small objects • Telescopes – magnify objects far away • Radio telescope – detect radio waves from objects • Spectroscopes – separate light into a rainbow • Ruler – finds length

28. Key Terms • Variable – A factor changing in an experiment • Length – Measure of the straight-line distance between two points • Volume – The space occupied by an object • Mass – Amount of matter in an object • Weight – Amount of gravitational force on object

29. Scientific Method – Use Colors!! • Notice there is more than time where you observe

30. Are They The Same? • Are they the same? - Hypothesis • How can we test your hypothesis?

31. Bellwork – 8/23/12 • Study Guide • Finish pg. 3 - #2 , #4

32. Introduction to Science 1 – The Nature of Science 2 – The Way Science Works 3 – Organizing Data

33. Presenting Scientific Data • Scientists use written reports and oral presentations • To share results • Organizing/Presenting this info is important

34. Line Graphs • Show continuous changes • Time : Independent Variable (x-axis) • Doesn’t DEPEND on anything • Gas Volume : Dependent Variable (y-axis) • Depends on something else

35. Demonstration • Gas-Producing Reaction • Lots of gas at first, then slows down • Adding Vinegar to Baking Soda makes CO2

36. Bar Graphs • Compares similar data for different items or events

37. Pie Chart Graphs • Shows parts of a whole ( or parts of 100% )

38. Lab Activity – Motion Graphing • If we do not take this seriously or respect the equipment, we will not use this setup again

39. Lab Activity – Motion Graphing • Each group goes to their station • One person logs into network/labtop • Open Logger Pro Software • Open file “01a Graph Matching”

40. Lab Groups – 3rd Period Station 1 – Mackenzie, Alexandria, Jean Station 2 – Kandice, Ryan, Shane Station 3 – Megha, Brittany, Alex Station 4 – Shelby, Sean, Chris, Jayda

41. Lab Groups – 5th Period Station 1 – Heather, Aaron, Bhavin, Kennedy Station 2 – Taylor, Deshun, Catherine, Becky Station 3 – Keyra, Hannah, Caleb, Terrell Station 4 – Ashleigh, Bryanna, Jarion, Jay Station 5 – Zechariah, Bill, Bryant, Josh

42. Lab Groups – 6th Period • Station 1 – Chance, Steven, EJ, Alex • Station 2 – Daniel, Torey, Robert • Station 3 – Brennen, Justin, Mac, Alek • Station 4 – Odalis, Garrett, Jacq • Station 5 – Megan, Tomaria, Ross, Andrew

43. Lab Groups – 7th Period Station 1 – Jennifer, Ruby, Cody, Brooke, Austin Station 2 – Raivan, Drake, Tiffani, Brandon, Kaitlyn Station 3 – Isiah, Michael, Layton, Sarah Station 4 – Kirsty, Will, Katlyn, Larry Station 5 – Ben, Aaron, Monica, Adam

44. Procedure • Collect data by hitting green “Collect” button • You will hear Motion Detector “clicking” • You will also see data collected an graph

45. Lab Activities • Turn the detector on and stand still in front of it • What do you see on a distance vs. time graph? • Repeat the test but slowly move away from the detector • What do you see?

46. Lab Activities • Turn the detector on and move back and forth in front of it ( get far away, move closer ) • What do you see on a distance vs. time graph?

47. GRADE - Graph • Setup a graph of distance vs time for a person • What would it look like if someone is moving away from these detectors at constant speed? • What type of graph is this ( line, bar, pie chart )?

48. Bellwork - 08/27/12 • What does it mean to be precise? • QUIZ – Thursday ( 6th ) and Friday

49. Precision & Accuracy • Precision: the exactness of a measurement • Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value

50. Applying Precision - Accuracy • Scientists use significant figures to show precision of a measured quantity • Significant figure: Prescribed decimal place determining the amount of rounding-off when assessing the precision of a measurement • Round your answers to the correct significant figures