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BELLWORK. What was the Battle of the Bulge? Why did Hitler commit suicide? List three events that led to a German surrender. Who was Hideki Tojo ? How did he come to power? How did the Japanese view surrender?
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BELLWORK • What was the Battle of the Bulge? • Why did Hitler commit suicide? • List three events that led to a German surrender. • Who was Hideki Tojo? How did he come to power? • How did the Japanese view surrender? • THINKER: Look at the Japanese expansion map on page 623 – why were the Japanese able to seize the European colonies in this region so easily?
Conferences on the post-war world Yalta and Potsdam
Yalta Conference • Held towards the end of WWII in the resort town of Yalta, Soviet Union • February 4th-11th 1945. • Many decisions made at this conference led to issues that will cause the Cold War. • THE BIG THREE: • Roosevelt • Churchill • Stalin
February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta (Soviet Union) to discuss the postwar world The goal of this conference was to discuss many ongoing disputes brought on by WWII. Division of Germany Formation of the UN War Reparations Soviet declaration of war on Japan Final and most difficult issue…. The future of Poland. Yalta Conference
The “Big Three” wanted to divide Germany into separate parts, each controlled by an Allied power U.S. – felt that Germany should be divided into five equal parts England – pushed for a zone of occupation for France Soviet Union – opposed French occupation; only wanted three zones Division of Germany
Formation of the United Nations • Roosevelt offered the idea that the UN should have a security council with FOUR permanent members. • United States • Great Britain • Soviet Union • China
Soviets gain land • Stalin obtained Poland if he promised to allow free elections • Stalin gained Pacific islands if he promised to declare war on Japan KEEP IN MIND: Stalin is gong to break this promise = COLD WAR!!!!
Potsdam Conference • Held during the summer of 1945 • This conference had many of the same aspects as the Yalta Conference. • Truman took the place of Roosevelt & Clement Attlee replaced Winston Churchill as Britain's Prime Minister.
Decisions made at Potsdam • Solidified decisions made at Yalta; such as, division of Germany & Soviet territory gains • The Soviet Union was allowed to take reparations from Germany and 10% of the industrial equipment of the western zones as reparations. • America and Britain could take reparations if they wished. • Truman saw this as a compromise. • In fact the allies had disagreed openly about • Amount of reparations • Soviet influence over countries of Eastern Europe
German War Reparations • Stalin wanted the Germans to pay 20 million, half would go to the Soviet Union. • British wanted no reparations • Churchill stated that it was WWI reparations that led to Hitler’s rise in power. • U.S. wanted to make them optional.
WWII in the Pacific Japan – from aggression to surrender
War in the Pacific • Japan forced soldiers from Korea, Thailand, Burma & India to fight for their army. • By 1945, several countries were aiding US efforts in the Pacific: Canada, Australia, China, Philippines, New Zealand and the Netherlands (b/c of Dutch East Indies) • Between 1942 and 1945, the Pacific War was fought in 4 main areas: China, Central Pacific, SE Asia & SW Pacific • SU declares war on Japan in August 1945, and fights mostly inland battles in China against Japan
Japanese Offensive: 1941-1942 Japan attacks American and British military bases across the Western Pacific. Rapid conquests of Hong Kong, Burma, New Guinea, India Strong Japanese Navy sinks British aircraft carriers Navy used kamikazes, or suicide planes
Prince of Wales (left, front) and Repulse (left, behind) under Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941 by a Japanese destroyer
War in the Pacific: Turning Points By mid-1942 it became difficult for Japanese to maintain control of vast empire. Code talkers discovered several planned attacks American forces began island hopping: a military strategy of attacking specific enemy-held islands. Battle of Midway: (6/4/1942)U.S. wins its first Pacific battle by fighting entirely from the air and destroying the Japanese navy.
U.S. aircraft carrier, Lexington under attack in the Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Guadalcanal: First Japanese-held territory conquered by the U.S. Battle of Leyte Gulf: Greatest naval battle in history; vital to stop oil production. Battle of Iwo Jima: Japan is outnumbered; clear victory Battle of Okinawa: Last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. Began bombing campaign in Tokyo Allied Offensives: 1943-1944
American ship, Bunker Hill, after being attacked by Kamikazes – Battle of Okinawa
The Manhattan Project • A 1941 top secret plan to develop the first atomic bomb. • Combination of scientists and physicists • Albert Einstein • Robert Oppenheimer • Presidential approval • FDR • Truman
Truman warned Japan that if they didn’t surrender, they could expect a “rain of ruin from the air” Victory over Japan • Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 • The second was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945
Civilian Warning Pre-Hiroshima TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE:America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet. We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan. You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.
Civilian Warning Pre-Nagasaki ATTENTION JAPANESE PEOPLE. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.Because your military leaders have rejected the thirteen part surrender declaration, two momentous events have occurred in the last few days. The Soviet Union, because of this rejection on the part of the military has notified your Ambassador Sato that it has declared war on your nation. Thus, all powerful countries of the world are now at war with you. Also, because of your leaders' refusal to accept the surrender declaration that would enable Japan to honorably end this useless war, we have employed our atomic bomb. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on a single mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weapon of total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed. Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperor now to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-loving Japan. Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.
Surrender Japan surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2, 1945
Discussion • Was the atomic bomb the right thing to do? • In your notes, divide the paper in ½. • In one column, list pro arguments. • In the other column, list anti arguments. • Be ready to discuss!
