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Sulfur cycle along the Andes: the role of volcanoes

Sulfur cycle along the Andes: the role of volcanoes. Laura Gallardo Klenner Center for Mathematical Modeling, U niversity of Chile (CNRS UMI 2807) (ExMISUit). Outlook. Motivation and perspective Stratocumulus, ocean and cordillera Anthropogenic sulfur Biogenic sulfur Volcanic sulfur

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Sulfur cycle along the Andes: the role of volcanoes

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  1. Sulfur cycle along the Andes: the role of volcanoes Laura Gallardo Klenner Center for Mathematical Modeling,University of Chile (CNRS UMI 2807) (ExMISUit) LGK MISU Apr 2005

  2. Outlook • Motivation and perspective • Stratocumulus, ocean and cordillera • Anthropogenic sulfur • Biogenic sulfur • Volcanic sulfur • Eruptive activity • Fumarolic activity • Projects, people and collaboration • Summary LGK MISU Apr 2005

  3. To take over the world! Motivation and perspective • Promote the use and application of advanced mathematics in atmospheric and climate modeling. • Contribute to the establishment of integrated climatic models … • Capacity building in the fields of atmospheric modeling, applied mathematics,computer science, etc. LGK MISU Apr 2005

  4. If you think in terms of tourism… Now, if you (also) think in terms of science… LGK MISU Apr 2005

  5. IMPACTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS ON THE STRATOCUMULUS DECK OFF CHILE LGK MISU Apr 2005

  6. The most persistent Sc deck…key to the regional climate LGK MISU Apr 2005

  7. Oxidized sulfur (SOx=SO2+sulfate) is perhaps the most "natural" species to focus on in Chile … LGK MISU Apr 2005

  8. Potential effects on Sc clouds? LGK MISU Apr 2005

  9. 70% Chilean emissions • 30 % South American • 1% Worldwide Chile is the largest Cu producer in the world, i.e., large S emissions LGK MISU Apr 2005

  10. Coastal lows and anthropogenic S SO4/PM2.5 LGK MISU Apr 2005

  11. Coastal lows and off shore transport episodes in Northern Chile LGK MISU Apr 2005 Huneeus, Gallardo and Rutllant, 2005 (prep)

  12. MODIS data… Is there an effect? Droplet radii anomaly Cloud water anomaly LGK MISU Apr 2005

  13. Dimetil sulfide DMS CH3-S-S-CH3 Biogenic emissions are surely significant, but how much are they?? LGK MISU Apr 2005

  14. Alvaro Amigo There are more than 100 active volcanoes along the Andes!! WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT THEM ZVN ZVC ZVS ZVA LGK MISU Apr 2005

  15. Radiative Forcing -0.65 W/m2 : 39.6% (75 TgS/yr man made) vs 32.9% (10 TgS/yr volcanic). LGK MISU Apr 2005

  16. Láscar Volcano (5593 m.a.s.l.) Nov. 1989: Fumarolic emissions 19-20 Ap 1993: Subplinian eruption LGK MISU Apr 2005

  17. [Kton]  30% 2300  1120 [Mg/d] LGK MISU Apr 2005

  18. Subplinian emissions as pulses 26 Km 19 Km 14 Km 11 Km 4 Km LGK MISU Apr 2005

  19. SO2 burden as observed by TOMS and simulated by MATCH April 21 April 19 April 20 LGK MISU Apr 2005

  20. DEPOSITION PATTERN Apr 25 May 05 Signal at the Illimani ice core May 10 LGK MISU Apr 2005

  21. Ash deposition patternCastruccio, Amigo, Gallardo, 2004 LGK MISU Apr 2005

  22. S...Subplininian eruption simulations • The overall pattern of SOx (and ash) dispersion as seen in satellite images is captured in the simulations. • Also, the simulated deposition pattern is in accordance with observations from ice cores at the Illimani and Tapado glaciers. • But the deposition rates are underestimated (wrong high-altitude precipitation, too weak STE, …) Amigo, Gallardo, Ekman & Engardt, 2005 ( in prep) LGK MISU Apr 2005

  23. Fumarolic activity from Andean volcanoes as a source of aerosols in the upper troposphere L. Gallardo (1), A. M. L. Ekman (2), A. Amigo (1,3), and Engardt, M (4). (1) Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile, Casilla 170, Correo 3, Santiago, CHILE(2) Department of Meteorology Stockholm University, SE 106 91, Stockholm, SWEDEN(3) Department of Geology, University of Chile, Casilla 13518, Correo 21, Santiago, CHILE (Now at Bristol, UK) (4) Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, SWEDEN LGK MISU Apr 2005

  24. Fumarolic emissions…lots!! LGK MISU Apr 2005

  25. Dispersion pattern LGK MISU Apr 2005

  26. Svolc Svolc + Sant Fumarolic (2300) vs. anthropogenic (2100 )emissions (MgSO2/d) LGK MISU Apr 2005

  27. New particles may be formed! (Ekman connection & box model) LGK MISU Apr 2005

  28. S...Fumarolic emissions • Andean volcanoes show a persistent fumarolic activity, rich in S • …but these emissions are badly constrained • This appears to result in a significant production of new particles • The strength of fumarolic emissions from the Láscar volcano is comparable to the anthropogenic one in the area • …but while volcanic sulfur affects the upper troposphere and to the east of the Andean range…. • … the anthropogenic sulfur affects the lower troposphere to west of the Andean range LGK MISU Apr 2005

  29. To take over the world! 2007 Biotic and Abiotic Sulfur Impacts on Stratocumulus (BASIS) LGK MISU Apr 2005

  30. Olivier Titaud Maisa Rojas Alejandra Oyanadel Henry Quiroz Isabel Ramos Karina Malla Omar Cuevas Earth System Modeling and Inverse Problems Laura Gallardo Axel Osses Jaime Ortega LGK MISU Apr 2005

  31. Depto. de Geología LGK MISU Apr 2005

  32. Project$ • A Europe-South America Network for Climate Change Assessment and Impact Studies (EU-CLARIS, 2004-2007) • Urban Mobile Emissions in South American Cities (IAI-UMESAM, 2004-2005)…South American Emissions, Megacities, and Climate (SAEMC, Proposal 2005-2008) • Parallel and distributed computing and its application to chemical weather forecast and climate in Chile (FONDEF, Proposal 2005-2008) • ECOSImpacts of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on the stratocumulus deck off Chile.(3+2) • INRIA-CONICYT 2002-2005: "Application and development of inverse modeling techqniques to air quality monitoring network design". • FONDECYT (3) • CODELCO-IM2, 2004/2005:Design of an emission survey and control system LGK MISU Apr 2005

  33. Altogether • The S cycle and its interactions with clouds (Sc!, Ci?) is amazingly interesting in the west coast of South America… but barely known • There are increasing capabilities in Chile regarding people, modeling and monitoring • Fumarolic emissions from Andean volcanoes may play a key-role for the aerosol content and the chemistry of the upper troposphere… • What a fascinating play ground for research and applications…¡bienvenidos(as)! LGK MISU Apr 2005

  34. Tack MISU-IMI!! LGK MISU Apr 2005

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