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Chapter 21: Leading Up to War

1922-1941. Chapter 21: Leading Up to War. Introduction: To Do (26 pts):. Define 8 terms List the dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany Pg. 395 (1-2). 21.1: Dictators in Europe. Terms. Dictator: a ruler with complete power in a country

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Chapter 21: Leading Up to War

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  1. 1922-1941 Chapter 21: Leading Up to War

  2. Introduction: To Do (26 pts): • Define 8 terms • List the dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany • Pg. 395 (1-2)

  3. 21.1: Dictators in Europe

  4. Terms • Dictator: a ruler with complete power in a country • Fascist: a member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator • Nazi: a member of a political party in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler • Appeasement: the policy of giving in to someone’s demands in order to keep peace

  5. To Start Off… • US economy started out strong in the 20s • Europe was still repairing damage from WWI • Serious economic factors • Some nations tried to avoid changing governments… • Europeans turned to strong leaders (dictators) • Wanted their nations to be strong again • Idea: strong leaders = strong country

  6. Communism in the S.U. • 1917 – Communist revolution in Russia • Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Soviet Union) • Joseph Stalin • Powerful dictator / cruel leader • Citizens did not / could not go against him • 10 million were killed under his rule

  7. Fascism in Italy • Italy – not defeated in WWI • Government and economy was weakened • Labor strikes and riots • People turned to Benito Mussolini for change • Benito Mussolini (Fascist) • Spoke to his followers about the glories of war • Became prime minister in 1922

  8. Nazism in Germany • Germany – Treaty of Versailles effects • Had to give conquered lands back • Fined huge reparations • Could not build up their military • Had to take 100% of blame for the war • National Socialist Party took over • Nazi = member of this party • Leader = Adolf Hitler

  9. Nazism in Germany • Adolf Hitler • Became chancellor of Germany • Reminded people about Treaty of Versailles effects • Allies expected Germany to pay the cost of the war • Other opinions: • German people were better than other people • Should rule the world • Germans = master race

  10. Nazism in Germany • Adolf Hitler • Other opinions: • Other groups were lower than Germans • Blamed Jewish people / Communists for Germany’s problems • 1935: Jews can no longer be German citizens • Jews = scapegoats • Children were not allowed to attend German schools • Forced to wear badges (Star of David) = easy identification

  11. The Road to War • Hitler = believed Germany could become most powerful country • Began moving beyond Germany’s boundaries • Crossed into the Rhineland (between France and Germany) • France and Great Britain complained • No action was taken • Policy = appeasement • 1938 = Germany took control of Austria • Demanded Czechoslovakia give up the Sudetenland

  12. The Road to War • France and Britain – had treaties to protect Czechoslovakia • Leaders met in Munich (Germany) • Signed a pact • Hitler could keep the Sudetenland

  13. War Breaks out Again • 1939 – German forces took control of all of Czechoslovakia • Hitler – next target was Poland • August: Stalin and Hitler join forces • Agree to attack / divide Poland • September 1, 1939 • Great Britain and France realized appeasement was failing • Declared war

  14. 1940: Germany invaded: • Denmark • Norway • Netherlands • Belgium • Luxembourg • France • Britain faced Hitler’s forces alone

  15. To Do • Pg. 391 • Pg. 393 (1-2) • Pg. 394 (1-3) • Exercise 88

  16. 21.2: Japan Rises to Power

  17. Terms • Militarism: the policy of strong military actions taken by the leaders of a country • Puppet State: a government that is under the control of another, stronger power

  18. For the most part… • Japan had been peaceful • Democracy • Military leaders took control (early 1930s) • Began to rise as a military power

  19. Japan Expands its Empire • Japan = military leaders gaining control • Wanted Japan to be the most feared military force in Asia • MILITARISM • 1930s – Japan needed natural resources to keep industries running • Japan – few natural resources (oil / coal)

  20. Japan Expands its Empire • 1931 – Japan attacked Manchuria • Manchuria – coal / natural resource rich • Puppet State established • 6 years later – Japan attacked China • US became worried… • did nothing

  21. The Seeds of War • By 1938 – Japan controlled most of eastern China • Leaders: wanted all of E. Asia under Japan’s control • Natural resources • Oil was needed to run industries and armies • Japan became friendly with Nazi Germany / Fascist Italy • Anti-Communist agreement signed: • Japan agreed to become a world power with Germany and Italy

  22. To Do • Pg. 397 (1-3) • Exercise 90

  23. 21.3: From Isolation to Pearl Harbor

  24. Terms • Cash and Carry Policy: a plan that let nations at war buy goods that they could pay cash for and then carry home • Lend-Lease Plan: to lend or lease supplies to a country whose defense is needed to protect the United States

  25. The US in WWII • US did not want to be pulled into another war • Feared alliances • Could see growing signs of war in Europe and Asia • Did the US have a duty to help other countries?

  26. Staying out of War • 1935-1937: Congress passed several laws to STAY OUT OF WAR • People wanted US to be a peaceful nation • What policy is this? • US had plenty of problems, solve US problems rather than those of the world • Congress: Cash and carry policy • Nations at war could buy goods as long as they could pay cash

  27. Staying out of War • Roosevelt: • Did not agree with isolationism • US should be a good neighbor to world countries • Believed US should stand up to dictators • Pressing problem = Great Depression

  28. The End of Isolation • Before 1940 – no president had run for a 3rd term • 1940 – different (war in Europe) • FDR’s experience as a leader was necessary if the US was to go to war • FDR – promised people that he would keep US out of war • 1940: began 3rd term

  29. The End of Isolation • US could see how dangerous Hitler was • US had to keep Hitler out of the W. Hemisphere • Asked Congress for a peacetime draft • Winston Churchill (Britain’s leader) • Asked US for help against Nazi Germany • Did not have enough money to buy weapons • Congress passed: Lend – Lease Plan

  30. The End of Isolation • Congress passed: Lend – Lease Plan • President could “lend” supplies for defensive purposes • Isolationists disagreed • US sent ships / guns / other supplies to Britain • Became dangerous • German submarines began sinking American ships • October 1941 – Germany sank a US Navy ship • War was coming closer each day

  31. Pearl Harbor • Remember: • Japan was expanding into Asia • Roosevelt stopped trade with Japan • Banned oil shipments • Japan needed oil to keep tanks, trucks, airplanes working • US and Japan began talking in November 1941 • Neither side was compromising

  32. Pearl Harbor • Talks were not productive • Japan began to plan US attacks • Navy base = Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Japan – it would take the US a while to rebuild forces after the attack • December 7, 1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor • Destroyed 19 American ships • Killed 2,400 Americans

  33. Pearl Harbor • December 8, 1941: War declared on Japan

  34. To Do • Pg. 400 • Pg. 401 (1-3) • Exercise 91

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