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Understanding Photosynthesis: Energy Transformation and Its Historical Development

This lesson explores the intricate processes of photosynthesis, focusing on energy transformations governed by the laws of thermodynamics. Students will learn the chemical nature of photosynthesis, including the roles of chlorophyll and the key equations involved. The historical advancements in our understanding of photosynthesis, from van Helmont's early experiments to modern discoveries, will be covered. Mastering the basic concepts of light, pigments, and energy types will provide a comprehensive view of how photosynthesis evolved and functions in living organisms.

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Understanding Photosynthesis: Energy Transformation and Its Historical Development

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  1. Biology 113

  2. Photosynthesis:Transformation of Energy

  3. History of Photosynthesis; Light and Color

  4. OBJECTIVES:

  5. To understand the basic concepts associated with energy transformations,

  6. including the Laws of Thermodynamics that govern energy transformations.

  7. To understand the chemical nature of photosynthesis.

  8. To understand the history of our understanding of photosynthesis.

  9. To master basic concepts associated with the nature of light

  10. To understand how pigments work.

  11. To understand how photosynthesis evolved.

  12. Energy

  13. potential energy vs. kinetic energy

  14. kinds of energy - thermal, light, electrical, mechanical, chemical

  15. First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of the Conservation of Energy)

  16. Second Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Entropy)

  17. exergonic vs. endergonic chemical reactions; enzymes, coenzymes and cofactors

  18. energy in open vs. closed systems

  19. Chemical Nature of Photosynthesis

  20. Oxidation - Reduction Reactions in General

  21. chlorophyll

  22. 6CO2 + 12H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ; Equation for Photosynthesis

  23. light

  24. Enzymes, cofactors and coenzymes

  25. energy of activation

  26. ATP/ADP – the universal energy exchange system in living organisms

  27. coupled reactions: endergonic rxn + ATP + ATPase --> exergonic reaction

  28. History of Photosynthesis

  29. van Helmont's willow tree experiments (1648?)

  30. Priestley's method of "restoring air" (1771)

  31. Ingenhousz experiments - light are green plants are necessary for “restoring air” (1778)

  32. Englemann's experiment (1882)

  33. van Niel's observations (1920's):

  34. 6CO2 + 12 H2S --------=> C6H12O6 + 12S + 6H2O purple sulfur bacteria

  35. light

  36. Hill Reaction – isolated chloroplasts if given an electron acceptor will generate 02

  37. Ruben and Kamen - verify that the O2 in photosynthesis comes from water (1941)

  38. Light

  39. electromagnetic spectrum = radiant energy

  40. gamma - X-rays - UV - violet - blue - green - yellow - orange - red - infrared - radio

  41. 10 380 nm 500 nm 750 nm 10

  42. visible light - 380-750 nm - biologically active (some use infrared & some use UV)

  43. light as a wave phenomenon; velocity (speed of light) = wavelength X frequency

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