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Classical Conditioning I

Classical Conditioning I. Classical Conditioning. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US). Automatically elicits a response (reflex) Unconditioned Response (UR). Food, Water, Sex, Pain, etc. Conditioned Stimulus (CS).

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Classical Conditioning I

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  1. Classical Conditioning I

  2. Classical Conditioning

  3. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Automatically elicits a response (reflex) Unconditioned Response (UR) Food, Water, Sex, Pain, etc. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Initially “neutral” – Does not initially trigger same response as does the US lights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc. After pairings with the US, elicits a conditioned response

  4. Some response systems that participate in classical conditioning • Endorphins and analgesia • Sexual arousal • Immune suppression/enhancement • Fear

  5. Autoshaping When there is a contingency between a tangible CS and a pleasurable US, the CR is directed at the CS. Sign tracking (cf. Goal tracking) Pigeons key light CS  food US response: peck key light CS Rats insert lever CS  food US response: lick lever ball bearing CS  food US response: handle ball bearing

  6. Autoshaping Movies Long-box autshaping Omission training

  7. Fear Conditioning (tone) Notation: Tone + Or ToneShock (shock)

  8. (CR’s) Blood pressure Heart Rate Stress Hormones Freezing After one or two pairings… (CS)

  9. Conditioned Suppression

  10. a a + b Suppression Ratio a = responses during the CS b = responses prior to the CS On first Tone-Shock trial: a = 30; b = 30. 30/(30+30) = 0.50 After 10 Tone-Shock trials: a = 3; b = 20. 3/(3+20) = 0.13

  11. Tone Shock Fear-Potentiated Startle (Davis) Train: Test: Startle Stimulus (Loud Noise) Alone Vs. Startle Stimulus + Tone DV: How high do they jump?

  12. Feed-forward vs. Feedback

  13. Some properties of classical conditioning

  14. Generalization Trained frequency CR’s Tone frequency

  15. What determines the form of the CR? Stimulus Substitution Behavior Systems Opponent Processes

  16. Stimulus Substitution (the CS takes the place of the US) • Pavlov: UR = Salivation, CR = Salivation • Cocaine: UR = Activity, CR = Activity • Cyclophosamide: UR & CR = immune suppression. • Autoshaping: CR for water = Closed beak, CR for grain = Open beak

  17. Form of the CR in Sign Tracking UCS = Water (note the closed beak) UCS = Food (note the open beak) video From Jenkins & Moore, 1973

  18. However… • Fear conditioning: CR = freezing, UR = activity • CS can determine form of CR

  19. Form of CR depends on CS

  20. However… • Fear conditioning: CR = freezing, UR = activity • CS can determine form of CR • Interval between CS and US matters • Long delay: General search CR • Short delay: Focal search CR

  21. Behavior Systems Theory • Holland (1984); Timberlake & Silva; Akins The CS and US engage the same “behavior system” – e.g., appetitive, sexual, defensive. The form of the CR depends on the length of the delay between CS and US. Overt CR is flexible – depends on situation

  22. Another View: Opponent Process Theory Conditioning helps maintain homeostasis US’s divert organism away from homeostasis Begin cooling response Vasodilation sweating = Enter sauna Body temp 98.6 time

  23. Opponent Process Theory of Motivation

  24. heroin Siegel Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Big departure from homeostasis

  25. heroin Siegel Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Smaller departure from homeostasis Compensatory Response

  26. heroin Siegel Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Even smaller departure from homeostasis Compensatory Response

  27. heroin Siegel Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Departure from homeostasis Compensatory Response

  28. heroin Siegel New Context Euphoria Departure from homeostasis Compensatory Response

  29. CS US Siegel Conc. Of drug in Brain Time since admin.

  30. Montaigne: “My appetite comes to me while eating” -Of Vanity (1500-ish)

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