RURAL LAND RESOURCES

1. Caring and sharing the landscape. National Parks & other protection policies. PART 1- RURALLAND RESOURCES CONTENTS PART 2- Karst case study –Yorkshire Dales PART 3- Coastal case study – Dorset coast PART 4- Glaciation case study – Lake District

2. What is assessed in this unit? • The formation of the different scenery – again! • What are the potential economic and socialopportunitiesand drawbacks of each landscape? • What conflicts arise in these areas? • What solutions have been tried to resolve these? • How well have they worked? You MUST be able to quote named examples

3. More money to spend on holidays and hobbies - AFFLUENCE Better transport- public and private-MOBILITY Why are people going to the countryside more? More interest in the country-side and nature More time away from work- hourly and annually –LEISURE TIME Advertising Advertising

4. You can be asked about any of these protective bodies in the Exam! PART 1 No! there are other methods, some of which are found in National Parks as well! Are National Parks the only way of protecting the countryside? Eg; ESA’s Green belts NNR’s

5. Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESA scheme safeguards the natural landscape, the wildlife & the history Use of fertilisers & pesticides reduced Hedges,drystone walls, farm buildings, archaelogical remains, restored/safeguarded Wildlife habitats preserved

6. The Lake District ESA Set up in 1993, because • pastures, meadows & wetlands were coming under increasing threat • Walls, hedges, barns & woods were also at risk.

7. Is the Lake District ESA achieving success? • 58% of farms have entered the scheme • Over 35 miles of stone walls have been re-built • 400 traditional farm buildings have been restored • Over 40 miles of hedges have been planted

8. ESA Scheme - UPDATE The ESA scheme has now closed to new applicants and a new Environmental Stewardship Scheme has been introduced with the following aims; To conserve wildlife (biodiversity) To maintain and enhance landscape quality & character To protect the historic environment & natural resources To promote public access & understanding of the countryside

10. These are ‘special’ places because of their plants or animals or habitats, their rocks or landforms, or a combination of these. • There are more than 8.000 owners & occupiers of SSSI’s in Scotland. Many are privately owned, some are owned by voluntary bodies (eg NTS) & some are publically owned (eg FC).They are managed in agreement with the owners & occupiers & SNH. • The management of a SSSI aims to maintain, or where past management has deteriorated, restore the special features of interest.

11. Protecting & Conserving our Rural Land Resources Where do they get their funding from?

12. As you might imagine, these don’t always work well together, and can lead to CONFLICT ! • NATIONAL PARKS have the two aims of ;- • Protecting & enhancing the environment, scenery and ways of life of the area • Providing & promoting opportunities for people to experience and enjoy the special qualities of the NP. • AND A DUTY • To foster the economic & social well-being of local communities within the NP.

14. Why are the National Parks where they are? 1. They are in areas with great scenery. 2. They are in relatively unpopulated areas. 3. They are within easy travelling distance of major urban areas. 4. They are areas that will benefit from leisure-generated income.

15. Describe & suggest why NP’s attract differing nos.of people (6marks) Sample answer • Annual visitor nos. vary from 23M(LD&PD) to 1.5M(N) • Generally NP’s in the north of England & Wales, with • the exception of N, appear to attract more visitors, • whilst NP’s in the south of England attract fewer visitors(3.5Mto E,D • &NF) • NP’s with large visitor nos. are easily accessible by motorway and/or near large centres of population. For example LD,close to M6 & within 2-3hours driving from Gter Manchester, Glasgow, Tyne & Wear. By contrast NF, although near to London, is not served directly by a motorway. • Some NP’s are more popular than others because of their ‘pulling Power’ ie.spectacular scenery,large range of recreational activities or tourist activities & facilities. The LD provides a huge range of both Passive & active leisure opportunities to visitors from rock climbing & water sports to scenic drives, cultural attractions & shopping.

16. What do each of these owners do with the land? Who owns the land in National Parks?

17. Describe in detail the land ownership of NP’s. Why may these patterns make their Management difficult? ( 10MARKS) Hints to answer Q (part1) Remember to include names & figures. Eg:MOD/23% N’berland What do you notice about Water Authority & MOD ownership? Land Ownership Of NP’s Look at FC & NT ownership – make some comments Who owns most land? Comment on NPA ownership

18. Hints to answer Q (part2) • Think about the AIMS of a NP – look back at your notes! • Focus on some named examples- Northumberland & Lake District are good choices.

19. To manage and minimise conflicts, allowing all land users a say in the running of the land, many grant & subsidy-based rural land protection schemes are available Set aside ESA’s Farm diversification grant scheme Woodland grant scheme EU farm production quotas Farm woodland scheme

20. SET ASIDE • Aims to control overproduction of cereals - surplus crops are expensive to store. Farmers are given a grant if they agree to NOT cultivate 15% of their total arable area for a minimum of 5 years. • Impacts - (1) blocks of land left abandoned (2)more diverse range of crops grown (3) Diversification being encouraged as more arable land is taken out of production • Success – (1) Jan 2000 – 10m corridors next to rivers/lakes to encourage wildlife habitats (2) numbers of less common bird species eg skylark have increased

21. NOV 2008 -ENVIRONMENT MINISTER HILARY BENN FORCED A U-TURN IN BRUSSELS THIS MORNING - BRITAIN & OTHER COUNTRIES CAN MAKE PAYMENTS TO FARMERS CONDITIONAL ON LAND BEING LEFT FOR BIRDS LIKE SKYLARKS, YELLOWHAMMERS & LINNETS. NOV 2007 – set aside subsidy suspended due to increased cereal prices

22. WOODLAND GRANT SCHEME Aims • to encourage good management of forests & woodlands • To provide jobs & improve the economy of rural areas • To provide a use for land instead of agriculture Success • Between 2000 & 2005 approximately 28 million new trees were planted

23. Farm Woodland Scheme Aims • To improve the landscape, wildlife habitats & increase biodiversity by encouraging farmers to plant & maintain woodland through grant incentives Success • Trees planted in large numbers – offering shelter, recreational opportunities, wildlife habitat enhancement & future sources of timber

24. Woodland grant scheme & farm woodland scheme were replaced in 2005 by the ENGLISH WOODLAND GRANT SCHEME (EWGS)

25. With all this protection, are National Parks therefore great places to live in? Like with everything else, there are good and bad aspects of it. Look at the next slide to get an idea!

26. OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS There are about six headings that could be useful here;- W and C R S D G R / inaccessibility We will re-visit this in our three case studies later in the topic. There are about six headings that could be useful here;- F I (mostly Q ) H E P F W Supply T

27. The three case studies make up the remainder of the work in this topic. For each of the three scenery types studied in the Lithosphere unit, you need to be able to write about certain things;- Case study notes • The formation of the different scenery – again! • What are the potential economic andsocialopportunitiesand drawbacks of each landscape? • What conflicts arise in these areas? • What solutions have been tried to resolve these? • How well have they worked?

28. Case study notes In the booklet are the notes for TWO of the areas. They set the geographical scene and provide outlines of the conflicts to be studied. They are shown in powerpoint presentations. .

29. For the THIRD area ( The Lake District) you will be asked to answer a past paper question, using information from the LD visit & other sources of information recommended to you.

30. Case study of a Karst (carboniferous limestone) area THE YORKSHIRE DALES

31. Motorway Links to the Yorkshire Dales National park

32. Socialopportunities-leisure attractions

33. Economic Opportunities-----FARMING

34. Farmers v Conservationists • Many farmers wish to carry out modern farming techniques that involve the use of machinery, artificial pesticides and fertilisers. Those modern farming techniques increase yields and thus profit. • However they can be damaging to the environment. Pesticides and fertilisers are washed into rivers, polluting them. Machinery can damage wildlife. This concerns the conservationists. • Farmers also wish to build easy to maintain modern barns in favour of the traditional stone barns. They want to divide their fields with modern easy to maintain wire fencing instead of traditional dry stonewalls. This alters the traditional farming landscape and concerns conservationists.

35. Farmers v Tourists Tourists want access to farmers land, however farmers often deny this access as tourists often erode areas and drop litter that is harmful to livestock. HOWEVER Tourists bring money into areas. This can benefit local farmers as they can diversify into tourism to supplement often low incomes

36. Solutions • Many farmers are being encouraged to diversify into tourism. This can include modifying old barns and turning them into ‘bunk barns’ (cheap accommodation for tourists), opening bed and breakfasts, using land for campsites and countryside activities. All this benefits tourists and tourism. • Farmers are often asked to act as Countryside Stewards, educating the public on how to behave in the countryside. • Farmers are also being asked to open up their land for tourists, although restrictions can be imposed at certain times of year e.g. lambing etc, thus reducing conflicts. • Farmers are given grants and subsidies from the government and E.U to return to traditional farming methods.

38. Quarrying - Conflicts

39. Quarrying - Solutions • Quarries have been encouraged to quarry for only half the year. • Tilcon the company that own the Swinden quarry have lowered the floor of the quarry and screened it with trees to make it less obtrusive on the landscape. • They have also put covers on their trucks to reduce the spread of quarry dust. • Tilcon have also updated their rail facilities and a new train has been introduced. It is estimated that this will take 173 trucks off the narrow Dales roads each day. • The waste disposal area for the Swinden quarry is to be landscaped. When they have finished quarrying this area a nature reserve with a man-made lake will be created.

40. Tourism Conflicts

41. Tourists v Locals • Tourists cause traffic congestion in villages and the narrow Dales roads. They drive slowly while sightseeing and may stop in inappropriate places. This can cause problems for local people trying to go about their day-to-day business. Malham village is a place that tourists visit in large numbers in the summer (the village is actually home to only 134 people). • Tourists can be noisy and disturb locals.

42. Tourists buy up second homes that are used at weekends and holidays. They push the price of houses up so that young local people cannot afford to buy houses. An increase in second-home ownership can result in the closure of local services as the services are only used occasionally. This means that potentially local doctors surgeries, primary schools and grocers shops may close. In their place tourist shops and services open up and this disadvantages remaining locals.

43. Tourists v Farmers TOURISTS • trespass on farmers land and may walk on fragile areas prone to erosion. • drop litter which is dangerous to livestock • leave gates open and animals escape. • are noisy and can disturb livestock. • thoughtlessly park in rural areas.

44. Tourists v Conservationists • Tourists erode existing footpaths and create tracks on hills. These are unsightly and are damaging to the environment. This is particularly obvious in the Three Peaks area that includes Ingleborough. They may also damage vegetation. Malham Cove, a tourist honey pot, is home to rare plants. • Tourists drop litter that is unsightly and dangerous to wildlife.

45. Tourists can be noisy disturbing wildlife. Malham Cove for example is home to breeding Housemartins that can be disturbed by the large numbers of visitors to this site. • Most tourists arrive in the national park in cars. These pollute the atmosphere. The cars also damage the traditional limestone walls as they squeeze past each other on the narrow roads. • Some tourists remove areas of the limestone as souvenirs (such as stalactites and stalagmites) or for garden rockeries (clints).

46. Tourists carrying out different activities come into conflict with each other----

47. MALHAM An example of a rural honeypot.It is a small village at the southern end of the Yorkshire Dales, whose main attractions include; • Gordale Scar – limestone gorge formed from collapsed cave system • Malham Cove – huge limestone cliff • Janet’s Foss waterfall The Pennine Way & many other paths/bridleways pass through the village, which has a large car park as well as many small souvenir shops, cafes etc.

48. Some other things to do around Malham Yorkshire Dales Trekking centre where people can learn to ride the native horse breed the Dales pony. Town End Farm Shop and Tea room Sells local produce.

49. The landscape and natural heritage of Malham has been designated by English Nature as an SSSI - Site of Specific Scientific Interest.

50. The tourism industry in Malham is very important to the local economy, providing lots of jobs to the locals, in areas such as: Serviced and self catering accommodation. Cafes, pubs and bars. Food and specialist shops. Garages.