Biology 211 Anatomy & Physiology I

1. Biology 211Anatomy & Physiology I Joints

2. Last week: Defined bones as organs of skeletal system Also organs: joints (one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function)

3. Joints are classified using two chararacteristics 1. What type of tissue connects the bones at the joint 2. How much motion the joint allows Ordinary connective tissue = Fibrous Hyaline or Fibrous cartilage = Cartilagenous Fluid-filled capsule (synovium) = Synovial No motion = Synarthrosis Limited motion = Amphiarthrosis Freely movable = Diarthrosis

5. Fibrous Joints: Bones connected by dense regular or dense irregular connective tissue with many collagen fibers. No joint cavity. Depending on length of collagen fibers, may be synarthrotic (no motion) or amphiarthrotic (limited motion)

6. Fibrous Joints: Three subtypes: 1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short Always synarthrotic Only in skull

7. Fibrous Joints: Three subtypes: (1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short, synarthrotic, only in skull) 2. Syndesmosis Collagen fibers longer Amphiarthrotic (some motion)

8. Fibrous Joints: Three subtypes: (1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short, synarthrotic, only in skull) (2. Syndesmosis: Collagen fibers longer, amphiarthrotic) 3. Gomphosis: Collagen fibers very short Synarthrotic (no motion) Teeth in mandible or maxilla

9. Cartilagenous Joints: Bones connected by some form of cartilage No joint cavity. Depending on length of collagen fibers, may be synarthrotic (no motion) or amphiarthrotic (limited motion)

10. Cartilagenous Joints: Two subtypes: 1. Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic Costosternal; Epiphyseal plates

11. Cartilagenous Joints: Two subtypes: (1. Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic; Costosternal; Epiphyseal plates) 2. Symphysis: Bones connected by fibrous cartilage Amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic Intervertebral disks; Pubic symphysis

12. Synovial Joints: Bones separated by synovial joint cavity; connected by ligaments of dense regular C.T. Most synovial joints are diarthrotic Some synovial joints are amphiarthrotic

13. Synovial Joints: Components: Proximal bone with articular cartilage Distal bone with articular cartilage Articular capsule with: Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane surrounding Synovial cavity Ligaments of dense irregular C.T. Intrinsic = thickenings of fibrous capsule Extracapsular = outside of fibrous capsule Intracapsular = inside synovial cavity

14. Synovial Joints: Proximal bone with articular cartilage Distal bone with articular cartilage Articular capsule with Fibrous capsule, Synovial membrane surrounding Synovial cavity Intrinsic ligament = thickenings of fibrous capsule Extracapsular ligament = outside of fibrous capsule Intracapsular ligament = inside synovial cavity In knee, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints: Also meniscus of fibrous cartilage

15. Synovial Joints: Six types based on structure and type of motion:

16. Synovial Joints: Six types 1. Plane or Gliding Gliding motion along flat articular surfaces. Amphiarthrotic

17. Synovial Joints: Six types 2. Hinge joint Motion around single axis perpendicular to long axis of bones. Often convex articular surface on one bone and concave articular surface on other bone. Diarthrotic

18. Synovial Joints: Six types 3. Pivot joint Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of bones. Often convex articular surface on one bone and concave articular surface on other bone. Diarthrotic

19. Synovial Joints: Six types 4. Condyloid joint Motion around two axes. Articular surfaces of both bones round or oval. One shallowly convex. One shallowly concave Diarthrotic

20. Synovial Joints: Six types 5. Saddle joint Motion around two axes. Articular surfaces of both bones are: Convex one direction Concave other direction Diarthrotic

21. Synovial Joints: Six types 6. Ball & Socket joint Motion around all three axes. Articular surfaces of one bone forms "ball" which fits into "socket" on other bone Diarthrotic

22. We’ve noted that Synovial joints are stabilized by Shapes of the articular surfaces of bones Ligaments Menisci They are also stabilized by muscles and tendons which cross over the joint

23. Synovial jointsoften cushioned by a fluid-filled sac called a bursa located between the joint and overlying muscles, tendons, or ligaments.

24. The following six specific synovial joints are described In your Saladin text: Jaw (Temporomandibular) Shoulder (Humeroscapular) Elbow (Humeroulnar, Humeroradial, Radioulnar) Hip (Femorocoxal or Coxal) Knee (Tibiofemoral) Ankle (Talotibial, Talofibular) On exams, you should be able to briefly but accurately describe the structure of each of these joints, including all major ligaments; and you should be able to describe the actions for each

25. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Flexion and Extension

26. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Abduction and Adduction

27. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Rotation and Circumduction

28. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Protraction and Retraction

29. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Elevation and Depression

30. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Inversion and Eversion

31. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Opposition (and Reposition)