1. English Language Unit 4 COHERENCE vs COHESION

2. COHERENCE If a text communicates its message clearly and concisely, it can be said to have coherence. The order in which information is presented in a text is an important factor in determining how coherent it is likely to be for a reader. What is coherent for one reader, may not be coherent for another.

3. Coherence – what to look for… • Information is clearly and logically organised • The layout is clear and consistent • The text is organised, relevant and clear • May use headings and sub-headings to ‘signpost’ the way • Paragraphs – deal with each topic separately • Extra information in brackets – or subordinated in pairs of dashes – to explain jargon or technical terms, or to separate asides from the main information • Sequencing of sentences – develops ideas in logical way • Assumed knowledge / inference – readers can make assumptions based on their prior or shared knowledge • Relevance – a lexical set / semantic field that is consistent throughout

4. Which is more coherent? There will be a suspension of the exchange program by the Principal until her re-evaluation of it has been completed The Principal will suspend the exchange program until she has re-evaluated it.

5. COHESION and cohesive ties It isn’t enough though for a text to be coherent, it also needs to show cohesion. Understanding a text depends not only on understanding the different ideas, but also how they relate to each other. Interpreting one idea depends on successfully interpreting another. Writers achieve cohesion in their text by relating different ideas using a range of language devices or cohesive ties. These link the ideas in the text to create meaning for the reader; they signpost the text for the reader.

6. Cohesion – What to look for… • A cohesive text hold together sensibly • Lexical patterning – repetition of lexical items throughout a text • Phonological patterning – makes words seem as though they belong together • Syntactic patterning – repetition of clause structures • Pronouns • Referencing / substitution – point to other parts of the text ‘this’ and ‘it’ • Synonymy – repeating ideas with different words • Antonymy – making comparisons across the text • Collocations • Semantic field / lexical set – like lexical repetition, shows ideas are linked • Information flow – end focus and front focus • Linking adverbs and conjunctions – connect to other ideas in the text e.g. ‘similarly’