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The Incas

The Inca Empire, spanning from Ecuador to central Chile, was centered in the Andes Mountains with its capital in present-day Peru. Founded in the mid-1400s by Emperor Pachacuti, the empire thrived with around 12 million inhabitants and a strong central government. The Inca economy was state-controlled, utilizing a labor tax called mita. Society was divided into upper and lower classes with distinctive lifestyles. The empire's downfall began in the 1520s with civil strife, leading to Francisco Pizarro's conquest in 1532. Learn about the extraordinary achievements and complex culture of the Incas.

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The Incas

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  1. The Incas 16.3 Chapter 16 Section 3

  2. Geography • Located in South America • Began in the Andes Mountains • Capital is located in present-day Peru • Deserts, snowy mountains, fertile valleys, lush forests

  3. Create an Empire • Mid 1400’s- Emperor Pachacuti [pah-chah-KOO-tee] began to expand territory • Early 1500’s-empire was huge • From Ecuador to central Chile • About 12 million people lived in empire

  4. Strong Central Government • Conquered landruledby trusted governmentofficials • Kids sent to capital to learn Inca way • Returned later • Quechua [KE-chuh-wuh] officialIncalanguage • All business spoken in this language • Still spoken today

  5. Economy • Governmentstrictly controlled economy • People worked for government and themselves • Mita [MEE-tah]- labor tax • No merchants or markets • Government distributed goods • Leftovers stored for later

  6. Social Divisions • Upper Class • Emperor, priests, government officials • Didn’t pay labor tax, best clothes, lived in stone houses • Could relax in Machu Picchu

  7. Lower Class • Farmers, artisans, servants • Maize, peanuts, potatoes, and llamas • NO slaves • Lived simply • Law stated couldn’t own more than needed to survive

  8. Religion • Rulers related to sun god; could never die • Sacrifices • Rarely human • Llamas, cloth, or food • Outside capital people worshipped other gods • Certain items had magical powers

  9. Achievements • Grand builders • Masonry [stonework] • Network of roads • 2 major highways • Artisans • Pottery, gold and silver jewerly, textiles • NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE • Quipas [ KEE-pooz] knotted cord system • Official “memorizers”

  10. Pizarro Conquers the Incas • 1520’s- civil war broke out after emperor died • Atahualpa [ah-tah-WAHL-pah] new leader • Francisco Pizarro • 1532 met new ruler, surprise attack • 180 vs. 1,000’s • Captured emperor

  11. Ruler for price • More than 24 tons of gold and silver • Worth millions of $ today • Still killed ruler; feared retribution • 1537- Pizarro defeated Incas • Spain took control of empire for next 300 years

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